Final

Question 1

The conscious or unconscious engagement in perceptual, cognitive, and or motor activities before, during, and after performing skills

Answer 1

Attention

Question 2

List the three characteristics of attention

Answer 2

Consciousness
Awareness
Cognitive effort

Question 3

These theories of attention believe that there is a central reserve of resources for which all activities compete

Answer 3

Central resource theories

Question 4

Whose theory states that attention capacity is a limited pool of resources that can be allocated to activities being performed

Answer 4

Kahneman 1973

Question 5

These theories suggest that there are several resource pools that we can allocate attention

Answer 5

Multiple resource theory

Question 6

In wickens theory the vision, limbs, and speech are part of which specific resource

Answer 6

Input and output

Question 7

In wickens theory, the codes of processing information include

Answer 7

Verbal codes and spatial codes

Question 8

The ability to perform two a tivites effectively at once is a procedure referred to as

Answer 8

Dual-task procedure

Question 9

This multi- tasking theory states that there is a limitation to how much information can pass at one time

Answer 9

Filter or bottleneck theories

Question 10

These theories state that there is a resource capacity limit. We may succeed in performing multiple task so long as resource capacity limits are not exceeded

Answer 10

Alternative or resource capacity theories

Question 11

The directing of attention to specific characteristics of a performance environment is referred to as

Answer 11

Attentional focus

Question 12

In terms of width, attentional focus may be

Answer 12

Broad or narrow

Question 13

A hypothesis developed by wolfgang prinz stated that actions are best planned and controlled by their intended effects

Answer 13

Action effect hypothesis

Question 14

This is the process of using visual attention to located relevant environmental cues

Answer 14

Visual search

Question 15

It is not possible to make an eye movement without a shift in

Answer 15

Attention

Question 16

People can direct attention over a wide or narrow area and this is referred to as

Answer 16

Attentional spotlight

Question 17

According to Abernathy, more skilled players will become more attune to what visual stimulus is essential, and this minimal essential information “pops out” for the skilled player. Name the term Abernathy gave this

Answer 17

Minimal essential information

Question 18

If it only takes a 90 mph fastball roughly .45s to reach home plate and it takes the batter roughly .10s to swing there leaves roughly .35s to decide if to initiate a swing and where to place the bat. This is an example of

Answer 18

Time constraint or a visual search

Question 19

Is a visual search situational? Please provide a brief explanation

Answer 19

Yes. Focus broad or narrow? Environment ?

Question 20

Name the law that states that there is a curvilinear relationship between arousal and performance

Answer 20

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 21

Names the series of neurons scattered throughout the brain stem which play a role in the state of alertness in the higher brain centers

Answer 21

Reticular activating system

Question 22

What branch of the autonomic nervous system is known as the pressor in the fight or flight response

Answer 22

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 23

What are the most acute acting hormones of the endocrine system on the fight or flight responses

Answer 23

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 24

Athletes frequently refer to this optimal level of arousal as

Answer 24

The zone

Question 25

What is the ability to perform a skill, or engage in certain information processing activities without requiring attention resources referred to as

Answer 25

Automaticity

Question 26

This process is also known as humphreys law

Answer 26

The centipedes dilemma

Question 27

Is learning readily observable

Answer 27

No

Question 28

The individual processes that lead to a relatively permanent change in an individuals capacity for skilled motor performance are referred to as

Answer 28

Motor learning

Question 29

This theory of motor learning relies on the availability of feedback to guide learning

Answer 29

Adams closed loop theory

Question 30

The theory of motor learning that asks if it is possible to store a representation for every movement ever performed

Answer 30

Schema theory

Question 31

In the schema theory of motor learning the selection of parameter values is referred to as

Answer 31

Recall

Question 32

In the schema theory of motor learning the correctness of completed movement in terms of both amount and direction of error is called the

Answer 32

Response

Question 33

The term that is defined as an abstract memory structure that could be prepared in advance of a movement

Answer 33

GMP generalized motor program

Question 34

In Fitts three stages of learning, which state is characterized by a learners attempt to understand the nature of a particular motor skill using information from a variety of sources

Answer 34

The cognitive stage

Question 35

In Fitts three stages of learning which stage is characterized by when the movement pattern happens automatically

Answer 35

Autonomous stage

Question 36

In which model of motor learning does a learner "freeze out" some of the available degrees of freedom in order to simplify the movement

Answer 36

Neo-bernsteinian perspective

Question 37

What is the second stage of the gentiles two stage model

Answer 37

The fixation/diversification stage

Question 38

The ability to generalize learning is referred to as

Answer 38

Transfer

Question 39

Swinging a baseball bat versus singing a golf club is a classic example of this type of transfer

Answer 39

Negative transfer

Question 40

What type of transfer would we expect (based upon the body of literature) with balance

Answer 40

Neutral

Question 41

The theoretical view of transfer that states that transfer will occur if the underlying elements of the two skills are identical is known as

Answer 41

Identical elements theory

Question 42

The practice of having performers perform several skills during each training session in order to promote better transfer and retention is known as

Answer 42

Contextual interference

Question 43

What strategy would you use in order to keep performers from becoming reliant on feedback from their own sensory sources

Answer 43

Reduce the frequency of feedback

Question 44

When learners watch another individual perform the movement before attempting to replicate the movement themselves this is referred to as

Answer 44

Observational learning

Question 45

List one characteristic of an observer that has an affect on motor learning

Answer 45

Cognitive development Physical development Motivation of the learner Confidence in the ability to perform the skill

Question 46

In terms of demonstration, the status, similarity, and age of the model appear to positively raise the (blank) directed to the model

Answer 46

Attention

Question 47

A demonstration with verbal cues meant to focus attention on the most important features of the skill being modeled is known as

Answer 47

Augmented information

Question 48

When a skill to be learned involves a high temporal component what type of demonstration often conveys more information

Answer 48

Auditory demonstrations

Question 49

(Blank) rehearsal is an effective strategy for increasing selective attention and recall skills, particularly in children with learning disabilities

Answer 49

Verbal rehearsal

Question 50

In general, is form or outcome a better measure for evaluating the effectiveness of a model?

Answer 50

Form (rather than simply outcome)

Question 51

In (blank) methods, the learner attempts to discover independently the optimal solution to the movement problem at hand

Answer 51

Discovery learning

Question 52

The time elapsed between a stimulus and the first change in EMG activity is the muscle that is identified as the primary mover is referred to as

Answer 52

Premotor time

Question 53

The slowing of reaction time due to the slowing of cognitive processes is referred to as

Answer 53

Central

Question 54

(Blank) mate be defined as the percentage of how often the performer is able to execute a particular skill, or how the performer is progressing on the learning of a novel skill

Answer 54

Performance errors

Question 55

The degree or consistency or variability associated with a performance

Answer 55

Variable error

Question 56

If a pitcher in the sport of baseball was consistently missing the strike zone to the left side of the plate this type of error is known as

Answer 56

Constant error

Question 57

Motion qualities without regard to force

Answer 57

Kinematics

Question 58

This tool evaluates the electrical activity produced by the skeletal muscles

Answer 58

EMG

Question 59

These diagrams can. E used to illustrate the change in both spatial and temporal relationships of limb segments during the course of movement sequence

Answer 59

Angle angle diagrams