Final Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
Hippocrates
A
Imbalance of 4 body fluids (black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood)
2
Q
Byzantine physicians rationalize etiologies of mental illness
A
4th-15th century
3
Q
Demon possession timeframe
A
16th century onward
4
Q
Vincenzo Chiarugi
A
Reformer from Italy
5
Q
Phillippe Pinel
A
Reformer from France- moral therapy (cure them)
6
Q
William Turke
A
Reformer from England- Philanthropist who donated to moral therapy
7
Q
Benjamin Rush
A
Reformer from USA, Father of American Psych, Seal of APA, used blood letting
8
Q
Dorothea Dix
A
Reformer from USA- brought moral therapy to England, lobbied Congress
9
Q
Most recent Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
A
DSM-5
10
Q
How many disorders are mentioned in DSM-5
A
over 300
11
Q
What is a mental disorder?
A
A syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning
12
Q
Aspect of Abnormality: Distress/Disability
A
Egodystonia, disabled functioning, decreased autonomy
13
Q
Aspect of Abnormality: Maladaptiveness
A
Actions hinder goal attainment, well-being
14
Q
Aspect of Abnormality: Irrationality
A
Acts/talks in ways incomprehensible to others
15
Q
Aspect of Abnormality: Unpredictability
A
Uncontrollable, erratic behavior
16
Q
Aspect of Abnormality: Unconventionality/Statistical rarity
A
Behaviors violate standards of acceptability/desirability
17
Q
Aspect of Abnormality: Observer discomfort
A
Others feel threatened/distressed because of behavior
18
Q
Aspect of Abnormality: Violation of ideal/moral standards
A
Ex. Person is an atheist
19
Q
Thomas Szasz
A
Book: The Myth of Mental Illness (1961)
Mental illness= a stigmatizing social construct
Once labelled “abnormal” the patient will conform to that label
20
Q
David Rosenhan (1973)
A
8 pseudo patients faked being delusional to get into a psych hospital.
None were detected by staff as being “normal”
Range of stay 7-52 days. Avg=19 days
21
Q
Advantages of experimental designs
A
Cause-effect established, control of extraneous variables
22
Q
Disadvantages of experimental designs
A
Artificial, may not be practical
23
Q
Symbol for correlation method
A
r
24
Q
When is correlation method used
A
When experimental method is not ethical/practical
25
Disadvantage of correlation method
Cannot establish cause-effect, strength of relationship (high= 0.7 - 1.0)
26
Name the 4 psychometrics
Reliability, Validity, Content, Construct
27
MMPI, BDI, EDI, RSES, STA
Standard Testing
28
Types of Structure
unstructured, semi-structured, structured
29
Case Study
1 person, stereotyping, in depth
30
Disadvantage of Case Study
Generalizing to others in population is ill-advised
31
Mental Status Exam
```
Appearance/behavior
Orientation
Thought content/language
Affect/mood
Perceptual experiences
Sense of self
Motivation
Cognitive Functioning
Insight/judgment
```
32
Reliability
Does the test yield consistent scores
33
Validity
Does the test measure what it says it measures
34
CAT scan
X-rays measure density of brain structures
35
MRI
Radio waves cause H atoms in the brain to release energy -> computer image of brain
36
fMRI (functional)
Measures blood and O2 flow
| Both structural and functional info
37
PET (Positron Emission)
Radioactive glucose injected into bloodstream
| Glucose metabolism measured -> indicates level of neural activity
38
Differential Diagnosis #1
Rule out a substance-related etiology (drug abuse, meds, toxins)
39
Differential Diagnosis #2
Rule out etiology related to general medical condition
40
Differential Diagnosis #3
Determine specific primary disorder (If comorbidity -> establish principal diagnosis
41
Differential Diagnosis #4
Determine if adjustment disorder present
42
Differential Diagnosis #5
Establish boundary between mental disorder and no mental disorder (gray area)
43
Differential Diagnosis #6
Rule out factitious disorder or malingering (faking it)
44
Egodystonia
Symptoms are distressing/troubling to patient
45
Comorbidity
2+ diagnoses simultaneously present in a patient
46
Insight
Patient's knowledge/understanding of the problem
47
Prognosis
Projected course of an illness
48
Etiology
Apparent course of an illness
49
Insanity
A legal term; describes a person determined to have a mental illness and/or is not "mentally competent" to stand trial
50
John Hinckley
Attempted assassination of Reagan
51
Dan Sickles
Congressmen who Shot and killed his wife's lover in 1859. Acquitted because he claimed insanity. Rose to Major General, lost right leg, received medal of honor
52
Biopsychosocial Theory
Physical/mental wellness is a function of three interconnected factors:
Biological factors
Genetics, NS, diseases, viruses, tumors
Psychological factors
Coping styles, locus of control, cognitive appraisal
```
Social factors
Support networks (e.g., family, friends), occupational settings, church
```
53
Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud.
"The Unconscious"- Reservoir of instinctual drives,
storehouse of thoughts & wishes that are concealed from conscious awareness
54
Id
The Pleasure Principle- immediate gratification of needs; wish fulfillment. Biological drives
55
Ego
The Reality Principle- Mediates between Id's demands and reality's constraints. Conscious, rational, decision-making aspect.
56
Superego
The Conscience- Represents ideals, moral standards of society as conveyed to the child by his/her parents
57
Behavioral Theory
Operant Conditoning: Learning by way of reinforcement and punishment
Classical Cond: Forming associations between reflexive response and unrelated stiumuls
58
Modeling
Imitating the behavior of another
59
Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
Maladaptive behavior/illness stems from faulty belief sets/automatic thoughts -> poor decision-making -> dysfunctional behavior
60
Humanistic Approach
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
People are basically good, disorders arise from environmental stimulus that interfere w/ personal growth and fulfillment, conditions of worth, and unconditional positive regard
61
What is anxiety?
Increased arousal associated w/ generalized feelings of apprehension or fear
62
How many people experience symptoms of anxiety?
1 in 4
63
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
6+ months of persistent anxiety
| More common in women (60%)
64
Panic Disorder
Moderate anxiety and recurrent unexpected panic attacks
More common in women (2:1 ratio)
ABC Reporter Dan Harris
65
Meds for panic disorder
benzodiazepines and antidepressants
66
Agoraphobia
Fear/anxiety in public transportation, being in open spaces, enclosed spaces, standing in line or being in a crowd, being outside the home alone; escape may be difficult/embarrassing. Females 2x more likely
67
Monophobia
Being outside the home alone
68
Specific Phobia
Fear persists for 6+ months.
TX: cognitive, behavioral
women 2x more likely
69
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Characterized by seemingly unpreventable repetitious behaviors and/or recurrent modes of thought
70
Characteristics of Obsessions
Recurrent/persistent thoughts, urges, and/or images that are intrusive & unwanted
Other thoughts/actions adopted to suppress, ignore, or neutralize the thoughts
Person recognizes thoughts as coming from his/her mind
71
Characteristics of Compulsion
Repetitive behaviors/mental acts performed as a result of obsession or according to rigidly-applied rules
Aimed at reducing/preventing distress or some dreaded situation/event
Behaviors are clearly excessive and may not realistically be connected to what they’re designed to prevent
72
Treatment of OCD
Meds, cognitive, behavioral
73
Greg Valentino
Muscle Dysmorphia
74
PTSD is diagnosable after how many months of symptoms
For 1+ month
75
mTBI
mild Traumatic Brain Injury
76
Anhedonia
Can't experience pleasure
77
Treatment of PTSD
meds, behavioral, CBT-type approach (exposure therapy)
78
Dissociative Disorders
Disruption in consiousness, identity, memory, emotion, or sensory/motor behavior. Recurrent gaps in recall of everyday events, important personal info, or traumatic events
SYX onset usually trauma
79
Dissociative fugues
Leaving normal locations
80
Treatment of Dissociative Disorder
Hypnosis and long-term supportive treatment
81
William Milligan
Arrested in 1977 for rape, two suicidal attempts
| Found 10 personalities, pleaded insanity (not guilty)
82
Percentage of M&F Eating Disorders
90% women for anorexia and bulimia nervosa
| 2:1 female to male ratio for Binge-eating disorder
83
Highest mortality rate in DSM
Anorexia nervosa
84
Anorexia Nervosa
Restricting and binge/purge
85
Health consequences of anorexia
```
slow heart rate and low BP
Osteoporosis
Muscle loss
Dehydration
Lanugo (peach fuzz hair growth over the body)
Dry hair and skin
```
86
Health consequences of bulimia
```
Frequent weight change
Lethargy
Sore throat, tooth decay
Poor skin
Abdominal pain from laxative use
```
87
Dysphoria
Gloominess, sadness, despair
88
Major Depressive Disorder criteria needs
Criteria must be present for 2+ week period
89
MDD must contain 1 of these 2
Depressed mode more often than not OR Anhedonia
90
Persistent Depressive Disorder
Dysthymia- Depressed mood for minimum of 2 years. Criteria haven't left in 2+ month period
91
Biological Etiology of Depressive Dis
Low levels of 5-HT, NE
Decreased volume of PFC, hippocampus
Strong genetic link (67%)
92
Psychodynamic Etiology of Depressive Dis
Depression stems from unresolved unconscious conflicts/hostilities held over from childhood
93
Behavioral Etiology of Depressive Dis
Insufficient positive reinforcers, and too many punishers
94
Cognitive Etiology of Depressive Dis
```
Cognitive Triad (Aaron Beck)
Negative views of self, ongoing experiences, and future.
```
Explanatory Style (Martin Seligman)- learned helplessness
95
Tx of Depressive Disorders
CBT, antidepressants (Tricyclics, MAOIs, SSRIs), ketamine, ECT (last resort for severe depression/mania
96
Side effects of ECT
Short-term confusion, temporary memory loss
97
Bipolar Disorder I- Manic episode criteria
Abnormally elevated/expansive/irritable mood OR increased goal-directed activity atleast 1+ week
98
Bipolar I
Manic episodes are pleasurable, may believe they have super powers, may become hostile
Age onset 18-25
99
Bipolar II
Either currently having, or have had, either a Major Dep Episode or a Hypomanic Episode
100
Cyclothymic Disorder
Numerous periods over 2 years of hypomanic symptoms with depressive symptoms
101
Word for Cycling in Bipolar Dis
Lability
102
Biological Etiology of Bipolar Dis
```
Manic state = increased levels of 5-HT, NE
Genetic Link (twin studies = 74%)
```
103
Psychodynamic Etiology of Bipolar Dis
Mania= Buffers person from depression/gloom that would arise from perceived inadequacy/helplessness
104
Behavioral Etiology of Bipolar Dis
No comprehensive theories
| Bipolar disorder may be exacerbated by negative life events
105
Cognitive Etiology of Bipolar Dis
Inability to effectively regulate emotions, solve daily problems
106
Pharmacological Tx of Bipolar
Mood stabilizers (lithium, depakote, topamax)
107
Neurocognitive Disorder
Refers to Delirium and a host of illnesses that cause mild or major cognitive deficits
108
6 Cognitive Domains (mild or major) of NCDs
Complex attention (sustained/divided attention)
Executive Function (Planning/decision-making)
Learning and memory (Recent memory, very LTM)
Language (Expressive/receptive language)
Perceptual-motor (praxis, gnosis)
Social Cognition (Recognizing emotions)
109
Praxis
Gestures
110
Gnosis
Inability to recognize things
111
Aphasia
ability to recall words
112
Major NCD and Minor NCD
Major- does interfere with capacity for independence. Minor does not interfere
113
Alzheimer's Disease markers
cortical atrophy/ enlarged ventricles
| Beta-amyloid plaques and Neurofibrillary tangles
114
Autism Spectrum Dis
Persistent deficits in:
- social-emotional reciprocity
- nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction
- developing, maintaining, and/or understanding relationships
115
General characteristics of Autism
```
Comorbid intellectual/language impairment
Motor deficits common
Self-injurious behavior
Odd responses to sensory Stimulus
Abnormalities in eating, sleeping, mood
```
116
Autism
Prevalence- 4x more likely in males
SYX evident by age 2
37-90% genetic
117
Treatment for Autism
Behavior Therapy, start before age 4. long-term needs
118
Cluster A
Odd or eccentric behavior
| Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal PD
119
Cluster B
Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior
| Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic PD
120
Cluster C
Anxious or fearfulness
| Avoidant, dependent, OCPD
121
Paranoid PD
Unwarranted feelings of persecution
Mistrust almost everyone
Hypersensitive to criticism
Strong fear of being exploited, losing control or autonomy
122
Borderline PD
Unstabable personal relationships, mood swings, often impulsive, sometimes suicidal, frantic efforts to avoid abandonment
123
Narcissistic PD
Grandiosity, sense of being entitled, special, need for power/status/success/admiration
Exploitation of others for personal benefit
Humiliated/hurt/ashamed/enraged when exposed to small slights
124
Antisocial
Deceitfulness, repeated law-breaking, basic disregard for rights of others
Impulsive, aggressive, lack of remorse for mistreatment of others
Superficially charming
125
Schizoid
Detachment from social relationships; loner
Restricted range of emotional expression
No desire for close friendships, relationships
Prefer solitary activities
No interest in sexual relationships
