Final Flashcards
(187 cards)
1
Q
What does VOC stand for?
A
Volatile organic compound
2
Q
How can we be exposed to VOC’s
A
Ingestion, inhalation, dermal
3
Q
What are the main systems affected by VOC’s
A
Heme, nervous, immune
4
Q
Benzene too can cause what path?
A
Leukemia
5
Q
Component of teflon?
A
PTFE
6
Q
What is the water soluble toxic substance the prevents access to lower rest tracts?
A
Formaldehyde
7
Q
This VOC is 25x more reactive than benzene and is a huffing agent
A
Toluene
8
Q
VOC in dry cleaning
A
Tetrachloroethylene - PERC
9
Q
VOC is the precursor to medication and in oral anesthetics like carmen and chloraseptic
A
Phenol
10
Q
MC VOC that is potentially hazardous to people working in hist labs
A
Xylene
11
Q
Source of new car smell
A
Vinyl chloride and PVC
12
Q
Main ingredient in mothballs
A
Napthalene
13
Q
Major component of tar from charred/grilled foods
A
Benzo a pyrene
14
Q
PAH
A
Polyvinyl aromatic hydrocarbon
15
Q
MC concern that can develop from asbestos?
A
Mesothelioma
16
Q
Safest plastics
A
2 and 4
17
Q
Used in plasticizers and are concerning due to leeching abilities
A
Phthalate
18
Q
Substance in packaging material and metal can coating
A
BPA
19
Q
Species of black mold
A
Staphybotrys chartarum
20
Q
Major severe health effects of vinyl chloride exposure from off-gassing/leaching
A
Hepatic angiosarcoma
21
Q
6 criteria of pollutants
A
Ground level ozone Particulate matter CO NO Sulf diox Pb
22
Q
Xenobiotic
A
Substance thats foreign to the body
23
Q
3 routes of excretion
A
urine, bile, breath
24
Q
3 routes of absorption
A
Ingestion, inhalation, derm
25
Predominant CYP in liver
3A4
26
Fasting and biotransformation
Not a good idea because it requires energy that has to be spared in fasting state at the expense of gluconeogensis
27
Limits set by EPA about pesticides in food
MRL - max residue limit
28
Heavy metal is common in organic form in shellfish and test in weak immune system people
Arsenic
29
2 pollutant that combine to form ground level ozone
NO and VOC
30
Cause of acid rain
Self dioxin and NO
31
Immune response assoc with eosinophils and atopy
Th2
32
Many toxic exposures can cause hypersen, AI, or suppression of immune function
True
33
2 metal exposures that can lead to inability to kill candida
Hg
| Pb
34
Primary component of smog
Ground level ozone
35
Main health effect of CO poisoning
RBC pick up CO slower than O2 which cause tissue necrosis and cell death
36
Particulate matter size is most concerning because of ability to penetrate organs
0.1 microns
37
Form of Hg that accumulates in fish and is concerning in humans
Methylmercury
38
What type of pesticide is DDT
organochlorine
39
Methylglobinemia is a serious result of exposure to what
Nitrate fertilizers
40
Bioaccumulation is define as what
Accrual of toxic chemicals in tissues or a particular organism
41
First female MD in US
Elizabeth Blackwell
42
What is sick building syndrome
Sxs of illness when in a building but without specific known cause
43
What is sick building illness
illness from a building with identifiable causes
44
Main chemical in brazilian blow outs
Formaldehyde
45
Maternal occupation at increased risk for cleft palate in their kids
Preschool teachers
46
Components of natural gas
Fossil fuels and hydrocarbons
47
Health effects of natural gas
Hematologic changes with high exposure to hydrogen sulfide
48
Major SE of natural gas exposure
Hematologic changes
49
Exposure risk for broken fluorescent bulb
Hg
50
Common chemical in fabric softeners
Phthalates
51
Agent added to vaccines to promote immune response
Al
52
OSHA
occupational safety and health admin
53
MSDS
material safety data sheet
54
4th review
study reporting human exposure to env chemicals and is updated regularly
55
Found in forest fires, volcanoes, crude oil, exhaust, and cigs
Benzene
56
Found in paint thinners and added to gasoline and adhesives
Toluene
57
In histology labs, coal, petroleum, wood tar
Xylene
58
Main effect of xylene
CNS depression
59
White, volatile crystalline solid produced from petroleum
Phenol
60
Used in plywood, construction, automative, and appliances. Precursor of plastics
Phenol
61
Adhesive glues and dyes, pressed wood products, carpets, and particle board, wrinkle free clothing
Formaldehyde
62
Health effects of formaldehyde
URI and mucus membrane sxs
63
What is acroosteolysis and what can cause it
Dissolution of terminal phalanges and SI joints - caused by PVC and vinyl chloride
64
Combustion of carbon based fuels and contains multiple benzene rings
PAH
65
2 forms of PAH
Low molecular weight with 2-3 rings: naphthalene
High molec weight with 3+ rings:
Benzo a pyrene
66
From charred, grilled foods, and tar
PAH - benzo a pyrene - high molec weight
67
Most carcinogenic component of tobacco smoke
PAH - benzo
68
1st carcinogen to be discovered
Benzo a pyrene
69
Metabolite found in 2nd and 3rd hand smoke
Continine
70
Found in electrical, heat, sound, brakes, clutch, and tiles
Asbestos
71
3 main health effects of asbestos toxicity
Asbestosis
Lung CA
Mesothelioma
72
Semi safe plastics
1, 5
73
Unsafe plastics
3, 6, 7
74
Is PVC plastic safe?
No, made from 3
75
Is IV tubing and IV bags safe?
No, made from PVC --> 3
76
Health risk of PVC
Cardio and nervous diseases are increased
77
What are plasticizers
Phthalates that leech easily
78
Health effects of phthalates
Endocrine disruption
79
Acute exposure sxs of polystyrene
Mucous membrane and resp irritation
80
Chronic exposure sxs of polystyrene
NV, fatigue, cognitive loss, neural tox, renal and hep path, affect Fe absorp
81
What are BPA's and how are they used
Found in food packaging and metal can coating
82
SE of BPA
Endocrine disruptor
| Xenoestrogenic
83
What is AQI
Air quality index, developed by EPA to indicate pollutant air quality
84
What is the safe size of particulate matter and why
PM10 microns or greater because it can't get into lungs
85
What is the concerning size of particulate matter
0.1 micron and less because it can travel through blood and into organs
86
Components of acid rain
Sulfur and NO
87
Component of smog
```
Ground level O3
NO
VOC
Self diox
Particulate matter
```
88
How is ground level O3 created
Chem rxn between oxides and VOC in presence of sunlight
89
Main cause of acid rain
Sulfur dioxide
90
Main cause of haze
Particulate matter - PM2.5
91
What form of pesticide is organochlorine
organochlorine
92
2 classes of acetylcholinesterases
organophosphates
| Carbamates
93
What type of acetylcholinesterase was used as a nerve gas in WW2
organophosphates - banned in 1970's
94
How do fertilizers affect our health
Contains nitrates that alter Fe in Hb from ferrous state to ferri state
Then forms methemoglobin which can't carry O2
95
What is LD50
Median lethal dose that will cause 50% death in a test group
Lower the LD50 the higher the toxicity
96
What are some common mechanisms of heavy metal tox
```
enzyme inhib
Disruption of membranes and transport
Disturb mitochondria
decreased neural function
Bind sulfa groups on protein which causes misfolding
```
97
Where is Pb commonly found
Duse, soil, paint
98
Who is at greatest risk of Pb poisoning
Kids, preggos
99
Where is Pb MC found in environment
Pre 1978 houses
100
What jobs contain Pb
Smelting, mining, auto repair, plumbing, military
101
What hobbies contain Pb
Painting, stained glass, pottery, shooting
102
What products today still contain Pb
Computers, ceramics, pewter, jewelry, auto batteries
103
What are sxs of Pb tox
Usu asx
Decreased learning, IQ, impaired speech and hearing, body pains, fatigue, HA, tremor, weight loss, constipation, paralysis, seizures
104
Best test to screen for Pb tox
Blood
105
Acceptable levels of Pb for adults and kids
Adults: <20 mcg/dl
Kids: <5
106
Imagining for Pb tox
And shows Pb based items if swallowed
| Long bones show Pb lines
107
3 types of Hg
Elemental, organic, inorganic
108
2 types organic Hg
Methyl and ethyl
109
Where is methyHg found?
Fish from bioaccumulation
110
Where is ethylHg found?
Preservatives, vaccines
111
Where is inorganic Hg found
Batteries, disinfectants, skin creams
112
Where is elemental Hg found
Thermometers, barometers, dental amalgams, smelting, fossil fuels, mining
113
Health risks of Hg exposure
Neurotic and teratogenic
114
Difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification
Bioaccumulation - substance builds up
| Biomagnification - eating animal that as accumulated substance
115
Where is Cd found
battery manufacturing, pigmentation, coating, plastic stabilizers
MOSTLY IN CIG SMOKE INHALATION
116
Where does Cd accumulate
Liver and kidneys
117
Health effects of Cd
Fe def, kidney damage, lung CA
118
Why is chelation of Cd concerning
Because it needs to be excreted and further damage of kidneys is possible
119
Where is As found
Medicine, cosmetics, paint pigments, wood preservatives
120
Best test for acute heavy metal exposure
Blood
121
Why is hair testing not good
Can have falsely high level because hair heavy metals won't reabsorb into body and because hair is vulnerable
Good for methylHg
122
What is depuration?
Process of freeing impurities from body
123
What is detoxification
Process of making toxic substances more water soluble
124
What is a xenobiotic
Chem compound that is foreign to the body
125
What is nasal fatigue
Ability to stay in area that originally irritates the nose but after time isn't detected
126
3 types of absorption at cellular level
Simple diffusion
Passage through pores
Transport systems
127
Major storage sites in the body
Adipose, bones, liver, kidneys
128
2 major barriers for within humans
Placental, BBB
129
Routes of excretion
Urinary, biliary, pulm
130
Endocrine disruptor
Chemical that interferes with boys endocrine system causing adverse reactions
131
Xenoestrogen
Type of endocrine disrupt that imitates estrogen
132
Phytoestrogen
Xenoestrogen from plant
133
What are the problems with research surrounding xenoestrogens
Mostly done on animals not humans and half lives differ
134
What pt pop is best for stool testing
Kids
135
What in order is the best chelators of Hg
```
Hg 2+
Ag 2+
CH3Hg+
Cu2+
Pb2+
Zn2+
```
136
Method of admin for chelation
IV
137
Why avoid seafood for 7 days before challenge testing
To prevent falsely elevated As or Hg
138
Best method for acetylcholinesterase testing
Whole blood and plasma
139
Theory behind hydrotherapy for Tx of heavy metals
Increases bile dumping for excretion
140
Why is low temp sauna beneficial for detoc
Increases lipolysis and can increase excretion of heavy metals stored in adipose tissue
141
Supplements increase glutathione
NAC
142
MC supportive supp for heavy metal exposure and dosages
Vit C: 6-12g/day
Fiber
Se: 2 mcg/day
Zn: 30mg BID-TID
143
Diagnostic criteria for MCS
1. sxs reproducible with repeat exposure
2. condition has persisted for sig period of time
3. low levels of exposure result in manifestations of syndrome
4. sxs improve when triggering chemicals are removed
5. responses often occur to multiple chemically unrelated substances
6. sxs involve multiple organ systems
144
Abused as an inhalent
Toluene
145
Can penetrate the most clothing
Xylene
146
Major sources of air pollution
power plants, refineries, transpo
147
Found in pipes, insulation, siding, and shower curtains
PVC
148
What is HCA
Heterocyclic amines from grilling foods
149
Some prevention strategies to protect against PAH
Stop smoking and limit grilled meats, brassica, antiox, marinade in acidic bases
150
What plastic number is transvaginal mesh and diapers
Polypropylene 5
151
Minor sources of air pollution
Nail salons, dry cleaners, auto shops
152
What are CFC's and their common use
Chlorofluorocarbons and found in refrigerations, solvents, and foam blowing agents
153
What does it mean when soil pesticides bioaccumulate
1 organism and refer to assume of the toxic chem in tissue of particular organism
154
What does it mean when soil pesticides biomagnify
Whole food chain and the look at its effects at increase concern of toxic chem the jogger and animal is on the food chain
155
What soil pesticide was removed dt biomaginifcation effects
Organochlorine pesticide (DDT)
156
What are 2 classes of AchE inhibitors in soul
Organophosphates (more toxic) and carbamates
157
Soil AchE inhibitors resulted in what
Excessively high Ach levels
158
How does Hg get through BBB
Not fat soluble this transported into brain by building to sulfhydryl group on AA cystein
159
Why is NAC use controversial in detox
Cysteine increase means more can get through BBB because methylHg binds to it to pass through BBB
160
Pb poisoning results on blood
Microcytic hypochromic anemia with basophilic stippling
161
Ref range for blood Hg
Whole blood <5ug/L
162
What has increased absorption when there is Fe def
Cd
163
How does Cd contribute to osteomalacia and osteoporosis
Increased urinary excretion of Ca and P and decreased hydroxylation of Vit D metabolites
164
Where is As best absorbed in the body
GI tract - SI
165
What is the main ida of biotransformation
Conversion of lipid soluble xenobiotic into polar water soluble for excretion
166
Are heavy metals inducers or inhibitors
inhibitor
167
Trauma
Inhibitor
168
Obesity
Inhibitor
169
Circadian clock of glutathione
6pm - GSH cycles between oxidation and cycled back by glutathione reductase. If a heavy metal is present then replenishment can't occur which leads to GSH def
170
TH1 vs TH2
1: syn IL2, IFNgam, MO. Following infection by bac and virus
2: IL4,5,10
After GI nematodes - EOS
171
How do toxins cause immune deficits
Hypersens rxn and AI
172
DES, dioxin, and DDT can cause atrophy and death of what glandular cells
Thymus
173
PCB exposure may make people more prone to what
Increase allergic response
174
PAH exposure has decreased activity in what
Splenic and thymic
175
Pb and Hg decreases ability to kill what
Candid
176
What supplement may be protective of immune function and Cd exposure
Se
177
What is the main problem with reproductive problems in offspring
DES
178
½ life of genistein and daidzein
5-6 hours
179
½ life of PBC and DDT
bioaccumulate and store in fat and released into serum daily
180
What affects female fertility the most
PAH, chemo, solvents, BPA, particulate matter
181
What affects male fertility the most
Organophosphates and heavy metals
182
What toxin affects the thyroid
PCB - bind to thyroxine
183
What test must you do before doing any specialty testing
CBC, CMP, lipid, complete UA, HCG, G6PD, TB
184
Most accurate test for body burden of heavy metals
None
185
What is DMPS best for, IV or oral and common SE
Hg
IV is best
SE more than DMSA, crappy feeling and exhausted, N, dizzy, rash
186
What is DMSA best for and common SE
Pb
Oral
GI dysfunct, rash, DEF of essential elements
187
What is EDTA best for and common SE
Pb
IV
Hypotension, hypoglycemia, hypoCa
