Final Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
As developing nations grow in affluence, the demand of what becomes especially strong?
A
meat
2
Q
Why should Americans care if people in China eat more meat?
A
Because we produce the meat and if they eat more, we then have to produce more
3
Q
List five ways animals contribute to the lives of humans
A
- clothing- wool
- money- live auction
- food-meat
- transportation- horses
- companionship- dogs
4
Q
What are the three non-traditional animals used in agriculture?
A
Emu
Osterage
fish
5
Q
Cattle meat
A
Beef
6
Q
Chicken meat
A
Broiler
7
Q
Goat meat
A
chevon
8
Q
Sheep meat
A
lamb
9
Q
Swine meat
A
pork
10
Q
Lamb carcasses recieve a QUALITY and YEILD grade. What is the difference between these two USDA grades?
A
Yield is the fat % whereas quality is the grading of the meat such as its tenderness, marbeling, etc.
11
Q
List four criteria used to determine beef yield grade
A
- 12th rib fat thickness
- 12th rib ribeye area
- % kidney, pelvic, and Heart fat
- hot carcass weight
12
Q
List three beef quality grades
A
- Maturity- bones and meat color ( older the tougher)
- marbling-taste
- color- shelf life
13
Q
What is the wholesale cut on pork
A
ham
14
Q
what is the wholesale cut on beef
A
chuck
15
Q
What is the wholesale cut on lamb
A
Leg
16
Q
How to find carcass weight
A
(carcass weight / live weight) x 100
17
Q
What is COLOSTRUM
A
the first milk of a cow. Rich in nutrients
18
Q
Colostrum is very high in what specific protein compared to other milk?
A
immunoglogulin
19
Q
This carbohydrate is found only in milk
A
lactose
20
Q
This protien is found only in milk
A
casein
21
Q
List two functions of the mammary gland
A
- Provide nutrition to offspring and humans
2. provide passive immunity through colostrum
22
Q
What is the difference between homogenized and pasteurized?
A
Homogenized is the physical process where fat globules are reduced in size (cream rises to the top)
PAsteurized is the heating process to destroy bacteria and harmful pathogens in raw milk
23
Q
List four classifications of poultry meat specific for chicken
A
broilers cornish game hen poussin fast food oriented broilet 3s and up
24
Q
List five “parts” of a chicken carcass
A
Breast wings drumsticks though neck giblets
25
What is a leghorn
breed of chicken. Origin of laying strains
26
Why are eggs "candled"
ensure freedom of blood, meat spots, and cracks
27
What is the smallest egg size?
peewee
28
What does HACCP stand for?
```
Hazard
Analysis
Critical
Contagious
Point
```
29
What kind of hazard has bacteria, viruses, yeast, and mold?
Biological
30
What kind of hazard has sanitizers, antibiotics, fly spray?
Chemical
31
What kind of hazard has metal or glass pieces?
Foreign objects/ solids. physical
32
Define Critical point
A poin tin which a circumstance is acknowledged as in "danger" or needs help to get back to a normal producing/clean state
33
Crimp wool/fiber
waves in wool
34
Cuticle wool/fiber
causes fibers to cling together
35
Follicle wool/fiber
Located in outter dermis; hair and wool grow here
36
Medulla wool/fiber
Fibers inner core
37
Staple wool/fiber
Fiber length
38
Difference between wool and hair?
Wool is a solid form whereas hair is hollow
| -some fine wool doesnt even have a medulla
39
List three properties of wool that make it advantageous fiber?
Fire proof
absorbs dye
warmth/insulates
40
What is estrous?
the mensuration cycle
41
What is Estrus?
The state of being in heat
42
List two accessory glands of the male repro tract
Prostate
| bulbourethral
43
Define Parturtion
the act of giving birth
44
List the male and female gametes
Sperm
| egg
45
List three hormones produced during estrous
estrogen
lacternization
pastergen
46
What is semen frozen in?
straws
47
Where is milk stored prior to removal?
Alveoli
48
Milk letdown
oxytocin
49
What is oxytocin release inhibited by?
pain
loud noises
stressful stimuli
50
Which sex is responsible for gender of offspring
Male
51
Six classes of nutrients
```
Water
Carbohydrates
fats
proteins
vitamins
minerals
```
52
Most important nutrient?
water
53
What do proteins contain
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
54
Name four fat soluble vitmains
Vit. A, D, E, K
55
Name five water soluble vitmains
B1, B2, B3, B5, B12
56
Name 3 Macro minerals
Calcium
Potassium
Chlorine
Sodium
57
Name 4 Micro minerals
Iron,
zinc
copper
cobalt
58
Single form carbohydrates
Sugar and starches. simple stomach animals
59
Complex form carbohydrates
ruminant animals
60
Fats contain what?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
61
Feed provides energy for 2 basic functions what are they
Maintenance- metabolism, body temp
| Productions- growth, production of milk, eggs, wool
62
define digestibility
Amount of feed nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract
63
What are the four steps of Feed utilization
1. Digestion
2. Absorption
3. Circulation
4. Metabolism
64
Feed Classifications (8)
```
Dry Roughages and forages- hay
Range, pasture
silages-fermented corn
energy feeds- fruits nuts
protein supplements
mineral supplements
vitamin supplements
non-nutritive additives (color)
```
65
Define digestion
breakdown of food.feed into smaller components that can be absorbed in the blood stream
66
Mechanical digestion
Chewing
67
Chemical digestion
Saliva, stomach acid,
68
Herbivore
plants
69
Carnivore
meat
70
Omnivore
plant and meat
71
Examples of monogastic
swine, horses, chickens
72
Polygastic
cattle, goats, sheep
73
4 basic parts of digestive tract
Mouth
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
74
Crop of chicken
Stores feed
75
grandular stomach of chicken
secretes gastric juices
76
Gizzard of chicken
Grinds feed into smaller particles
77
Four parts of Ruminant digestive
Rumen-largest
Reticulum-honeycomb
omasum-many folds
abomasum-true stomach
78
define myofiber
muscle fiber
individual muscle cell
multinucleated
ability to contract
79
Myosin
Thick filament (red) protein
80
Actin
Thin filament (blue) protein
81
hypertrophy
increase in cell volume and structure (size)
82
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell number
83
How to calculate Protein accretion ( hypertrophy)
Protien synthesis - protein degradation
84
Ethology
the study of animals behavior in response to its environment
85
Instinct
reflexes present at birth
86
Habituation
No longer respond to a repeated stimulis
| ex. scarecrow
87
Conditioning
Associtation formed between action and reward
88
Classical Contioning
Association made between unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus
ex. clicking with drool
89
Operant Conditioning
Animal learns a behavior as a result of the consequences (reinforcement) that follow the display of that behavior
ex. good dog
90
Reasoning
The ability to correctly respond to a novel stimulus the first time
91
Intelligence
The ability to lean and adjust with trial and error
92
imprinting
young bonding to mother
| caregiver
93
Types of behavior
```
Ingestive-eating
Eliminative-
Allelomimetic- routine
Sexual
Care giving/seeking
Shelter seeking
Investigative
abnormal
```
94
Define Animal health
The state of the individual animal in complete harmony with their environment
95
Examples of Unhealthy animals
```
Loss of appetite
depressed
droopy ears, lowered head, rough coat
seperates itself from herd
Respiratory problems
urine/fecal changes
elevated temp
```
96
How to detect unhealthy animals
```
Learn normal eating habits
normal fecal patterns
normal activity
observe the herd
learn sounds of commication of herd
```
97
Physiological, anatomical, or chemical changes that differ from normal.....
symptoms
98
Two types of disease
noninfectious- injury, toxins,
| infectious- microorganisms in the body
99
an infectious disease transmitted via infectious agent from animal to animal
contagious disease
100
Mortality vs. morbidity
Mortality is the life worth the cost?
101
Antiseptics
Applied to tissue
| prevent growth of microoganisms
102
Disinfectants
applied to inanimated objects
| destroy pathogenic microorganisms
103
Biological medications
prevent disease
104
Pharmaceuticals
treat disease
105
Topically meds
applied to skin
106
orally meds
by mouth
107
Injection meds
subcutaneous
intramuscular
intravenous
108
the environment which animals are exposed directly affects their ability to...
reproduce
resist disease
treated humanely
109
What is animal productivity influenced by?
genetics
| and different environmental factors
110
Intensive management
fit the environment to the livestock
111
extensive management
fit the livestock to the environment
112
Four ways heat is gained or lost by the animal
radiation
conduction
convection
evaporation
