Final... Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
Taxonomic Rank
A
- Life
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
2
Q
Parazoa
A
no true tissues
-Porifoera (sponges) only
3
Q
Eumetazoa
A
true tissues
4
Q
Radial symmetry
A
symmetrical from the top
- diploblastic
- cnidaria (jellyfish, corals and anemones) and ctenophora (comb jellies)
5
Q
Bilaterial symmetry
A
Symmetrical from front.. left and right the same.
- Generally tripoblastic
- acoelomate (no body cavities) or psuedoceolomate (no mesoderm) or coelomate
6
Q
Mesoderm
A
-one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo. ectoderm (outside layer) and endoderm (inside layer), with the mesoderm as the middle layer between them..
Forms into smooth muscle (in gut), red blood cells, skeletal muscle cells, and cardiac muscle
7
Q
Acoelomate
A
no body cavities - gut, epidermis and various tissues, no cavity. epidermis, gut in middle.
- flatworms
- triplolastic
8
Q
Pseudoceolomates
A
No mesoderm
- ribbon worms
- rotifers
- round worms
9
Q
coelomate
A
protostomes or deuterostomes..
A coelomate animal is basically a set of concentric tubes, with a gap between the gut and the outer tubes.
10
Q
Protostomes and deuterostomes
A
Major difference is embryotic development..
Prot - embryo forms dent on one side, blastopore, which deepens to become archenteron - first phase of growth of gut..
mouth develops from blastopore, anus develops later
Deut - original dent becomes anus, while gut tunnels through to make another opening, forming the mouth.
11
Q
coelom
A
fluid filled cavity formed within mesoderm of some animals.
12
Q
Protostomes
A
mollusca, annelids (segmented worms), anthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders), platyhelminthes, nematodes (roundworms)
13
Q
Deuterostomes
A
echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins), chordata (vertebrates)
14
Q
Biodiversity values of invertebrates
A
- ecosystem services (water, air, soil quality)
- Food
- Bioindicators
- Pharmaceuticals
15
Q
ecdyzoa
A
anthropods and nematods (round worms)
16
Q
keying out phylum
A
Organize animals based on selected distinguishing characteristics
Dichotomous key – two characteristics (or group of characteristics) per decision
Tabular key – several options at once
Can be difficult to use – depend on knowing terminology, right geographic region, etc.
Results need to be confirmed by other sources
17
Q
Characteristics for classification
A
- morphological characteristics
- physiological mechanisms
- developmental stages and larval forms
- molecular similarity
18
Q
Distinguishing characteristics
A
- tissue level of organization
- radial vs bilateral symmetry
- protostome vs deuterostome
19
Q
Monoecious
A
2 sex cells in 1 organism
20
Q
Dioecious
A
1 sex cell in 1 organism
21
Q
Taxonomy important because..
A
- organized
- shows different animal relations (how affect humans, benefits may provide)
22
Q
Phylum porifera - structural characteristics
A
- Sponges
- adults are sessile and attached, mostly to rock
- simplest multicellular organism
- body porous with canals and chambers
- two cell layers - pinacocytes, choanocytes and intermediate mesophyl
- either radially symmetrical or no symmetry
- skeleton composed of spicules and collagen fibers
23
Q
Pinacocyte
A
flat cells found on the outermost layer of a sponge. They can expand and contract to slightly alter the size of the sponge, and can also produce collagen.
- external cell layer
- protective and structural role
- together form pinacoderm
24
Q
Choanocyte
A
- lines internal cell wall
- create feeding currents with flagella
- also engulf food particles
25
Phylum Porifera reproduction
- monoecious (hermaphrodyte) or dioecious (separate sexes)
| - sexual and asexual
26
Phylum Porifera digestion etc
cells not organized into organs or tissues, digestion is intracellular and gas exchange by diffusion
-filter feeders
27
Porocyte
- pore cell for water entry
| - only in simple sponges (asconoid)
28
Mesophyl
- gelatinous protein matrix
- sandwiched between pinacoderm and choanocytes
- contains skeletal material and ameboid cells
29
Archeocytes
- feeding
| - precursor to other cells – e.g. sclerocytes, spongocytes, collencytes
30
Spicules
- skeletal structures in mesohyl
| - made of silica or calcium carbonate
31
Ostium
pores for incoming water
32
Osculum
-large openings for water to exit
33
atrium or spongocoel
central cavity
34
Sexual reproduction in Porifera
- sperm produced in mesohyl and released through osculum
- sperm taken up by choanocytes and transported to mesohyl (internally)
- fertilization of egg occurs within mesohyl
- develop takes place internally or released to water column
- simple larvae called a parenchymula released
35
Asexual reproduction in Porifera
- form external buds - may or may not detach
- freshwater and some marine sponges form gemmules (cysts)
- internal buds with protective covering (seasonal)
36
Sub phyla classes of porifera
calcarea, hexactinellida, demospongiae, sclerospongiae
37
Calcarea
- spicules composed of calcium carbonate
- spicules are straight monoaxons or with three of four rays
- asconoid, syconoid or leuconoid
38
Hexactinellida
- siliceous spicules
- spicules fuse to from glass-like lattice (glass sponges)
- most are radially symmetrical
39
Demospongiae
- 80% of sponges in this class
- siliceous spicules, spongin or both
- all leuconoid
- common in BC
40
Scleospongiae
- caves
- small group
- leuconoid
41
Ecological role of sponges
- filter feeders
- occupy substrate space
- food for other invertebrates
- substrate and habitat builders (reefs)
42
Impact on humans
- water quality improvement
- wash sponges
- nursery habitats
- medicines
- fouling organisms on marine structures
43
Phylum Cnidaria (coelenterata) characteristics
Jellyfish
- gastrovascular cavity with one opening
- Nerve net and muscular system
44
Cnidaria reproduction
- asexual or sexual reproduction
- planula larva
- polyp and medusa stages
- gametes released into water column - sometimes freely, sometimes surface of mother
- embryo develops into planktonic planula larva
45
Cnidaria polyp
- sessile
- aboral and oral end
- tentacles for feeding
- single or colonial
- polymorphic - feeding, defense or reproductive polyps
46
Medusa
- free swimming
- bell shaped
- tentacles around mouth
47
Nematocyst
- barbs and filament used to pierce and entangle prey
- some inject toxins
- cnidocyte cell houses nematocyst
- triggered by physical and chemical stimuli
- cnidocil - a trigger present in all but Anthozoa
48
Tentacles
retract and transport prey to mouth
49
Gastrovascular cavity
- initial digestion occurs in gastrovascular cavity
| - digestion completed intracellularly
50
Cnidaria locomotion
- some polyps have limited movement
| - medusa swim by jet propulsion
51
Classes of Cnidaria
Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Anthozoa
52
Hydrozoa
- most polyps colonial, some single
- most with both polyp and medusa stages
- polyp asexual, medusa sexual
- planula larva
- larva settles to produce polyp
- frontal shelf
53
Scyphozoa
- polyp called scyphistoma, which replicate through budding and then transform into strobila polyp
- strobila into medusa
- zygote on oral arm
54
Cubozoa
Box jellies
- medusa mostly
- box shaped
- capture fish
55
Anthozoa
- Anenomies and corals
| - no medusa stage
56
Phylum Ctenophora
- two cell layers, ectodermis and gastrodermis
- biradial symmetry
- mouth and anus
- 8 rows of cilia called comb rows, used to move
- 2 or no tentacles
57
Jelly ecological role
- pelagic and benthic predators
- create pelagic substrate and food
- food for other animals
- reef building
58
Impacts on humans
- predation
- foul up nets and water intakes
- danger to swimmers
- aesthetics in public aquaria
- coral reefs
- medicines
59
Flatworms - platyhelminthes (phylum)
- flattened
- acoelomate
- mouth but no anus
- mono or dioecious
- triploblastic
- single opening
- free living or parasitic
- metameric segmentation
- setae
60
classes of platyhelminthes
-cestoda, tubelaria, trematoda
61
Annelids
- tripoblastic
- eucoelom - body compartments covered by peritoneum (lining)
- metameric segmentation - repeated characteristics
- mono and dioecious
- circular and longitudinal muscles
62
Fucntions of coelomic compartments in Annelids
- circulation of nutrients and gases
- hydrostatic skeleton - based on water pressure
- excretion and osmoregulation
- storage of gametes
63
4 classes of Annelids
polychaeta*, (Oligochaeta), sipuncula, echiura
64
Polychaeta
- largest class
- most 5-10cm long
- segments have paddle like appendages, some with setae and cirri
- head composed of prostomium (first segment)
65
polychaeta feeding
- deposit feeders
| - complete digestive tract
66
polychaeta reproduction
- some by budding some sexually
| - Trochophore Larva
67
polychaeta habitat
- benthi or in hard or soft substrates
- infauna, epifauna
- all marine
68
Polychaeta ecological value
- food source for benthic animals
- contribute to recycling nutrients
- structure sediments provide habitat
69
Oligochaeta
- earth worms or aquatic
- no parapodia
- prostomium lacks sensory structures (eyes etc)
- monoecious
- have setae (bristle)
- locomote by a series of peristaltic waves (involuntary wavelike movements)
70
Oligochaeta reproduction
-clitellum - specialized region of epithelium that secretes a cocoon where embryos develop
71
Hirudinea (subclass)
- leeches
- no parapodia
- no eyes etc
- clitellum (monoecious)
- lack setae
- no septa compartmentalized body
- posses suckers
- ectoparasites
72
sipunculida
peanut worms
- deopsit feeders
- unsegmented
- no setae
- trochophore larvae
- molecular link to annelids
73
Echiura
- spoon worms
- unsegmented
- deposit or suspension feeders
- molecular data links to annelids
- one pair of setae
- trochophore larvae
74
Diploblastic
- two primary layers - endoderm and ectoderm
| - ctenophora and cnidaria
75
triploblastic
3 layers - mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm - flatworms
76
epithelium
-tissue that lines cavities
77
Phylum mollusca
- Lophotrochazoa
- trochophore larvae
- well developed organ systems
78
Biological characteristics mollusca
-open circulatory system with heart, blood vessels and blood sinuses
-mantle - secretes shell and encloses mantle cavity
radula - rasping organ used in feeding
-muscular foot - ventral position, used for locomotion
-gas exchange by gills, lung, mantle cavity, or body surface
-mouth and sensory organs simple to complex eyes tentacles radula in mouth
79
radula
-a rasping, protrusible, tonguelike organ found in all molluscs except bivalves and some nudibranchs lined with teeth and supported by a cartilage structure - odontophore
80
Mollusca feeding
- radula and odontophore controlled by muscles
- the radular teeth scrape, pierce, tear or cut food particles
- radula transports food to the esophagus
81
foot
- used for locomotion or attachment ventral in position
| e. g., snail, mussels and squid produces mucus to assist with movement
82
Visceral mass
(mantle and mantle cavity)
-the mantle secretes the shell mantle covers viscera and creates mantle cavity
mantle cavity houses the respiratory organs
digestive, excretory and reproductive systems empty products into mantle cavity
83
Shell of mollusca
-secreted by mantle
| three layers - periostracum, prismatic layer and nacreous layer
84
periostracum
outer horny layer, made of conchiolin, a protein resistant to erosion and boring
85
prismatic layer
densely packed prisms of calcium carbonate and protein
86
nacreous layer
composed of calcium carbonate sheets laid down over a thin protein matrix
87
mollusca reproduction
most dioecious, some gastropods hermaphrodytes
| -most aquatic molluscs have two larval stages, trochophore and veliger larvae
88
trochophore larvae
small (microscopic), top shaped and has a circlet of cilia around the middle
89
mollusca habitat
- from tropics to polar seas
- most are marine, some are freshwater and terrestrial
- hard and soft substrates
- benthic and pelagic
- protected and exposed coasts
90
Mollusca taxonomy
Class Polyplacophora - chitons
Class Scaphopoda - tusk shells
Class Gastropoda - snails, slugs and limpets
Class Bivalvia - clams, mussels and scallops
Class Cephalopoda - squid, octopus
91
Class Polyplacophora - chitons
-eight articulating plates or valves
-common on rock surfaces in intertidal zone
-travel short distances to graze on algae with their radula
-return to same location during low tide
-mantle forms girdle around edge of plates
the mantle cavity houses gills on two sides
92
Veliger larvae
- common in marine snails, tusk shells and bivalves
| - beginings of foot, shell and mantle
93
Class Scaphopoda
-tusk shells
-sedentary marine molluscs
-foot used for burrowing in mud or sand
-shell protrudes from sediment
-feed on protozoa and detritus with tentacles
no gills, gas exhange across mantle surface
94
Class Gastropoda
-largest and most diverse class, 40,000 species
-operculum - plate to cover shell aperture
-secondarily asymmetrical due to torsion
-marine - use gills, terrestrial and fresh water - use lung
-feeding habits include herbivores, carnivores, scavengers
-some have an extensible proboscis equiped with the radula for boring into bivalve shells
gastropods are dioecious or hermaphrodytes
-copulation is common
-eggs laid in gelatinous masses or singly
-veliger larvae present in marine species
95
Class Bivalvia
- shell with two valves
- sedentary suspension feeders
- feeding currents produced by cilia on gills
- no head or radula
- incurrent and excurrent siphons
- foot used for burrowing in sediments
96
Class Cephalopoda
- squid, octopuses, nautilus, cuttlefish, all marine, all active predators
- foot forms funnel to expel water from mantle cavity
- locomote by jet propulsion
- ink sac for defense
- separate sexes, copulation, tentacles transfer sperm sac, eggs attached to substrate
97
lophotrochozoan protostomes
In lophotrochozoan protostomes, the mesoderm cells derived from the mesentoblast
(mesoderm stem cell) form two clusters of cells between the archenteron and the
ectoderm. The cells become organized as a monolayer around a central cavity.
The central cavity is the future eucoelom and the surrounding cells are the future
mesothelium. This process is known as schizocoely.
98
Ecdoyozoans
-Shed skin
99
Nematodes
- parasitic, symbiotic & free living
| - roundworm
100
Nematode characteristics
- multilayered, collagenous cuticle (4 molts)
- longitudinal muscles only
- pseudocoel - high pressure (hp allows them to whip around)... hydrostatic
- syncytial epidermis (continuous cytoplasm.. no cell walls)
- anterior nerve ring & longitudinal cords
- cilia (aberrant) restricted to sensory structures
- eutely – fixed number of cells
101
Nemotode locomotion
Rigid cuticle – multiple layers of collagen fibres having different fibre orientations (store strain energy)
2) Fluid within pseudocoel maintained under high pressure
3) Longitudinal muscles only
102
Nematode reproduction
Asexual – few species capable of parthenogenesis
Sexual
Dioecious (few exceptions)
Internal fertilization
Growth: cell enlargement; no increase in cell number - 4 molts to adulthood
103
Anthropoda
- Metamerism – body segments w/ specialization - fundamentaly similar
- Tagmata – fused segments
- Exoskeleton of chitin, lipid, protein (which molts)
- Hardened by tanning or calcium carbonate
- Molting of exoskeleton
- Jointed legs with special musculature - minimalized muscles for complicated movement
- Lack motile cilia – may have setae (hairs, like in polychaets)
- well developed sensory organs – eyes, setae on cuticle, antennae and mouth parts, statocysts
104
Anthropod molting
intermolt, premolt, ecdysis
105
Anthropod circulatory system
- coelom reduced, hemocoel main cavity
| - open circulatory system
106
hemocoel
A cavity or series of spaces between the organs of most arthropods and mollusks through which the blood circulates.
107
Respiration in anthropods
respiration by body surface, gills, book lungs or tracheae
108
Excretion in anthropods..
Crustaceans & aquatic
-ammonia, diffuses through gills + nephridial coxal, antennal or maxillary glands
Terrestrial - insects
- uric acid by Malpighian tubules
109
statocysts
A small organ of balance in many invertebrates, consisting of a fluid-filled sac containing statoliths that stimulate sensory cells
110
Reproduction in anthropods
-dioecious, internal fertilization, oviparous (egg laying) or ovoviparous, (develops after birth or hatching) often with metamorphosis
111
Anthropod taxonomy
Myrapodia - new, Insecta, Crustacea (formally subphylum)
112
Crustacea
- 2-3 tagmata (A distinct section of an arthropod, consisting of two or more adjoining segments)
- 2 antenna
- compound eyes
- nauplius larva/ and cyprid larva (in barnicals)
113
Nauplius larva
a larval form with three pairs of appendages and a single median eye
114
compound eyes
Arthropod eyes are called compound eyes because they are made up of repeating units, the ommatidia, each of which functions as a separate visual receptor
115
Class crustacea - subclasses?
- Branchiopoda
- Copepoda - sea lice
- Cirripedia - barnacles
- Malacosraca - crabs, shrimp etc
116
carapace
dorsal (upper) section of the exoskeleton or shell
| -cirripedia, branchiopoda,
117
cyprid larva
last larval stage before adulthood. It is a non-feeding stage whose role is to find a suitable place to settle, since the adults are sessile. Barnicals have this stage as well as nauplius
118
somites
A somite is a division of the body of an animal
119
tagmata
(A distinct section of an arthropod, consisting of two or more adjoining segments)
120
cephalothorax
tagma of various arthropods, comprising the head and the thorax fused together, as distinct from the abdomen behind. Also known as prosoma
121
pleopods
such as lobsters, pleopods are legs mainly used for swimming but sometimes used for brooding eggs or catching food.
122
Uropods
posterior appendages found on a wide variety of crustaceans. They typically have functions in locomotion.
123
malacostracan feeding
- suspension feeders
- predatory
- detritivores (An organism that feeds on and breaks down dead plant or animal matter, returning essential nutrients to the ecosystem)
- herbivores
- parasitic
124
malacostracan reproduction
- mostly dioecious, some monoecious
- copulation common
- brood eggs
- larvae with numerous molts
- nauplius
125
Pedipalps
the two "feelers" on a spider's face.
126
Chelicerae
The chelicerae are mouthparts
127
Telson
The telson is the last division of the body of a crustacean
128
Proboscis
- Elongated appendage from the head of an animal.
| - In invertebrates, the term usually refers to tubular mouthparts used for feeding and sucking
129
Phlyum Echinodermata (spiny-skinned animals)
- dueterostomes
- radial adult stage (pentamerous symmetry)
- tripoblastic
- calcareous ossicles - allows them to shrink in size when no food
- water vascular system (run by water pressure)
- no excretory organs
- dioecious
130
locomotion of echinomermata
primarily through tube feet
131
Respiration of echinodermata
-through dermal branchiae, tube feet, respiratory tree (sea cucumbers), bursae (brittle stars)
132
bursae
small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of viscous fluid
133
reproduction in echinodermata
dioecious
- planktonic larvae
- bilateral larvae
134
Class Asteroidea
sea stars...
- five or more arms with central disc
- tubercles on ossicles with spines
- ambulacral grooves lined with spines
- pedicellariae (small wrench or claw-shaped structure.. thought to keep free of debris)
- papula between ossicles (to ward off predators)
- madreporite (water vascular system) and anus on aboral surface
- nerve net
- no brain
135
Feeding for asteroidae
- carnivorous
- tube feed - stick stomach inside clam
- digest externally mostly
- larger waste discharged via mouth
136
reproduction in asteroidae
- separate sexes
- external fertilization
- bipinnaria and brachiolaria larvae
- arms may regenerate
137
Habitat of asteroidae
- lower, intertidal and shallow waters
- rock, sand and mud substrate
- lots of biodiversity in BC bc of cold water (higher O2 levels)
138
Classes within echinodermata
```
asteroidae
ophiuroidea
echinoidea
holothuroidea
crinoidea
```
139
ophiuroidea
brittle stars..
- 5 arms and slender
- no pedicallariae or papular (main differentiation)
- ambulacral groove closed (lines underneath arms, in middle)
- no tube feet suckers
- madreporite on oral surface
- ossicles connected by muscles and covered by plates
- no anus or intestine
- spines on side of arms
- five pairs of bursae
140
feeding in ophiuroidea
-suspension feeders - mucus nets or browsers
141
reproduction in ophiuroidea
- dioecious
- external fertilization
- ophiopluteus larva (4 pairs of arms)
- gonads empty into bursae
- regenerate easily
142
habitat of ophiuroidea
- benthic marine
| - all depths and substrates
143
Class echinoidea
- ossicles fused to form test
- anus and madreporite on aboral surface
- ossicles with tubercles and spines
- pedicellariae present
- 5 pairs of ambulacral grooves
- tube feet
- echinopluteus larvae
144
feeding in echinoidea
- 5 teeth in aristotles lantern (feeding aparatus)
| - algal grazers or filter feeders with mucous net
145
echinoidea habitat
- shallow to deep
| - urchins prefer hard substrate, sand dollars and heart urchins prefer sand
146
class Holothuroidea
sea cucumber
- elongated aboral-oral axis
- reduced ossicles, scattered within epidermis
- 10-30 oral tenticles
- respiratory tree - inside - pull in water
147
Feeding in holothuroidea
suspension or deposit feeders
- tentacles modified for feeding
- retractable tentacles
148
reproduction in holothuroidea
- dioecious, external fertilization
| - free swimming larvae (auricularia) or broods on female
149
habitat holothuroidea
hard substrate or burrows
150
Class crinoidea
sea lilies, feather stars
- body disc
- leathery skin
- calcareous plates
- 5 flexible arms with pinnules (part of an organ like long feather)
- NO madreporite, spines or pedicellariae
- Upper surface bears mouth and anus
- tentaculate tube feet in ambulacral groove
151
Feeding crinoidea
- tube feet and mucus net
| - ciliated ambulacral groove transports food to mouth
152
reproduction in crinoidea
- dioecious
| - free swimming larvae (doliolaria)
153
habitat in crinoidea
-many deep water species, also in shallow too
154
Lophophorates
Phyla
- ectoprota (bryozoa) - moss animals
- brachiopoda - hard shells, like mollusks, but hard valves on upper and lower surfaces..
- entoprocta (phoronida) - anus inside
155
characteristics of lophophores
- 2 eucoela compartments - lophophoral coelom and perivisceral coelom
- u-shaped digestive system
156
Phylum Bryozoa lifestyle
- colonial
- suspension feeders
- funnel of ciliated tentacles
- exoskeleton - zooecium (sac secreted and lived in) & often calcified
- No specialized organs for gas exchange, excretion or propulsion of circulating fluids
157
colony formations of bryozoa
- stoloniferous
- encrusting
- erect - flat blades, branched fronds (large, divided leaf)
158
Defensive strategies of zooids (single of bryozoa)
- colonialism
- chemical defence
- calcification of frontal membrane
159
Phyla brachiopoda characteristics
lamp shells
- bivalve shell, dorsal and ventral
- pedicel - fleshy stalk
- ventral valve larger
160
brachiopoda habitat
- benthic marine
- mainly shallow water
- dominant part of ancient seas
161
brachiopoda reproduction
- separate sexes, external fertilization
| - larvae similar to trochophore
162
Lophophorates
Phyla
- ectoprota (bryozoa)
- brachiopoda
- entoprocta (phoronida)
163
characteristics of lophophores
- 2 eucoela compartments - lophophoral coelom and perivisceral coelom
- u-shaped digestive system
164
Phylum Bryozoa lifestyle
- colonial
- suspension feeders
- funnel of ciliated tentacles
- exoskeleton - zooecium (sac secreted and lived in) & often calcified
- No specialized organs for gas exchange, excretion or propulsion of circulating fluids
165
colony formations of bryozoa
- stoloniferous
- encrusting
- erect - flat blades, branched fronds (large, divided leaf)
166
Defensive strategies of zooids (single of bryozoa)
- colonialism
- chemical defence
- calcification of frontal membrane
167
Phyla brachiopoda characteristics
lamp shells
- bivalve shell, dorsal and ventral
- pedicel - fleshy stalk
- ventral valve larger
168
brachiopoda habitat
- benthic marine
- mainly shallow water
- dominant part of ancient seas
169
brachiopoda reproduction
- separate sexes, external fertilization
| - larvae similar to trochophore
170
Chordata - subphyla
- Urochordata
- Cephalochordata
- Hemichordata
- Vertebrata
171
Chordate characteristics
- post anal tail
- pharyngeal slits
- notochord
- dorsal, hollow nerve cord
172
notochord
rod shaped skeleton found in embryos
173
subphyla Urochordates classes
- ascidiacea
- larvacea
- thalicea
174
ascidiacea feeding
- tunicates
- sac-like marine invertebrate filter and suspension (mostly) feeders
- suspension feeding done through perforated pharynx, and water exits through atrial siphon
175
ascidiacea reproduction
- free spawning
- hermaphroditic
- notochord only present in larval stage (called tadpole) - last a day
- tadpole larva have muscular tail for swimming that contains notochord and hollow dorsal nerve chord
- settle on substrate through secretion of adhesive papillae
- lose tail - loss of 3 of 4 chordate characteristics
176
ascidiacea respiration characteristics
- u shaped gut
- brain
- marine
- closed circulatory system
- nervous system
- solitary, social, colonial
- tunic with chemicals (composed of protein and tunicin secreted from epidermal cells)
- sessile (as adults)
177
Ascidiacea ecosystem functions
- found everywhere
- filter lots of water (contribute to marine snow)
- compete for space (grow over things)
- substrate
- food
178
Human significace - ascidiacea
- ecosystem function
- fouling particularly of aquaculture
- drugs
- genetic research
- bait and food
179
Phylum Chordata characteristics
-includes both vert and inverts
| -
180
pharyngeal slits
originally in suspension feeding, but then became gas exchange structures
181
urochordate characteristics
-include ascidians (tunicates or sea squirts)
182
protostomes
Based on mollecular data..
-protostomes..
-includes ecdysozoa and lophochocozoa
183
Ecdysozoa
- molt
| - include nematodes and anthropods
184
lophotrochozoa
"wheel animals"
- includes Trochozoa (annelids and mollusca)
- includes platyzoa (platyhelminthes)
- includes lophophoras (bryozoa (moss animals), brachiopods (like mollusks, but not))
