final Flashcards
(60 cards)
Janissaries
a member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan’s guard between the 14th and 19th centuries, a devoted follower or supporter.
Suleiman the Magnificent
(c.1494–1566), sultan of the Ottoman Empire 1520–66; also known as Suleiman the Magnificent or Suleiman the Lawgiver. The Ottoman Empire reached its fullest extent under his rule
Ivan the Terrible
Ivan IV (1530–84), grand duke of Muscovy 1533–1547 and first tsar of Russia 1547–84; known as Ivan the Terrible. In 1581, Ivan killed his eldest son, Ivan, in a fit of rage; the succession passed to his mentally handicapped second son, Fyodor
St. Petersburg
Founded in 1703 by Peter the Great, St. Petersburg was the capital of Russia from 1712 until the Russian Revolution.
Akbar
(1542–1605), Mogul emperor of India 1556–1605; known as Akbar the Great. Akbar expanded the Mogul empire to incorporate northern India.
Rajah
an Indian king or prince.
• a title extended to petty dignitaries and nobles in India during the British Raj.
• a title extended by the British to a Malay or Javanese ruler or chief.
Janissaries Suleiman the Magnificent Ivan the Terrible St. Petersburg Akbar Rajah Q: How did these empires’ rulers project power to their subjects?
Rulers expanded upon older cultural traditions (Byzantium, Persia, the caliphate) to legitimize themselves, and used monumental building to glorify imperial centers
Janissaries Suleiman the Magnificent Ivan the Terrible St. Petersburg Akbar Rajah Q :What problems & threats conditioned these empires’ development across the early modern period (c. 1450-1700)?
Ongoing warfare & internal threats (frontier warfare; disloyal elites) were stimuli to autocratic centralization
Vasco Da Gama
Da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India was significant and opened the way for an age of global imperialism and for the Portuguese to establish a long-lasting colonial empire in Asia
Virgin soil epidemic
immunologically almost defenseless, when the white people came, they died because indians had different germs then they were used to.
Hernan Cortés
Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers who began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Tlaxcala
a state in eastern central Mexico.
Q: Why did Europeans begin and continue their voyages of “discovery” into the Atlantic?
The need for an alternative routes to Indies, and the Iberian peninsula’s political culture, location
Q: How did natives react to contact with Europeans, and what factors led to European conquest of the Americas?
Many native groups allied w/Europeans v. local enemies. Virgin soil epidemics between c. 1520-1650 killed maybe 85% of Americas’ population
Martin Luther
(1483–1546), German theologian; the principal figure of the German Reformation. He preached the doctrine of justification by faith rather than by works and railed against the sale of indulgences and papal authority
German Peasants’ Revolt
The German Peasants War, Great Peasants War or Great Peasants Revolt was a widespread popular revolt in the German-speaking areas of Central Europe from 1524 to 1525. It failed because of the intense opposition of the aristocracy, who slaughtered up to 100,000 of the 300,000 poorly armed peasants and farmers. The survivors were fined and achieved few if any of their goals.
Anabaptists
the doctrine that baptism should only be administered to believing adults, held by a radical Protestant sect that emerged during the 1520s and 1530s.
Predestination
(as a doctrine in Christian theology) the divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not others. It has been particularly associated with the teachings of St. Augustine of Hippo and of Calvin.
Council of Trent
an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, held in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in Trento, Italy. Prompted by the opposition of the Reformation, the council clarified and redefined the church’s doctrine, abolished many ecclesiastical abuses, and strengthened the authority of the papacy. These measures provided the church with a solid foundation for the Counter-Reformation.
Q: Why did Luther’s break with the Church succeed?
Luther, aided by the printing press, succeeded due to the support of the German nobility; the printing press; and a wider discontent w/the Church.
Q: How did the Reformation change Europe?
The reform divided Europe along sectarian lines, and forced the Church to carry out its own Reform
Q: How did Ming emperors project power, and what limited their control over the empire?
Ming emperors ruled through a bureaucracy dominated by eunuchs-yet over time, bureaucratic inertia a factor in Ming collapse
Yongle emperor
Yongle Emperor, was the third emperor of the Ming dynasty in China from 1402 to 1424. Amid the continuing struggle against the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty, Zhu Di consolidated his own power and eliminated rivals such as the general Lan Yu.
Zheng He
Zheng He (1371–1433 or 1435), formerly romanized as Cheng Ho, was a Hui Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral during China’s early Ming dynasty. Born Ma He, Zheng commanded expeditionary voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, Western Asia, and East Africa from 1405 to 1433. His larger ships stretched 120 meters in length. These carried hundreds of sailors on four tiers of decks.
