final

Question 1

What does Bivins claim is “one of the chief obstacles to moral decision making”?

Answer 1

The attitude that professional ethical codes are crafted by people who don’t understand the realities of working professionals.

Question 2

Which of the following is not a duty shared by all mass media?

Answer 2

duty to shared goals

Question 3

What does Bivins claim is the primary goal of news media?

Answer 3

to bring the public information that both informs and interest them

Question 4

What, according to Bivins, is the primary goal of advertising?

Answer 4

to sell a product

Question 5

Which of the following is false? (media influence)

Answer 5

according to Bivins, the media do not influence society, they only reflect it

Question 6

Which of the following is false, according to Bivins? (moral buck)

Answer 6

moral buck passing is the exception rather than the rule in complex organizations

Question 7

Which of the following is false, according to Bivins? (Newsweek)

Answer 7

Newsweek should be held strictly accountable for the suicide of Admiral Boorda

Question 8

With which of the following does Bivins agree? (client loyalty)

Answer 8

client loyalty generally supercedes loyalty to third parties for both advertising and public relations

Question 9

Which of the following is false, according to Bivins? (moral obligations)

Answer 9

personal, professional, and societal moral obligations are interchangeable; decisions made using one automatically apply at the other levels

Question 10

Which of the following is not true, according to Bivins? (codes)

Answer 10

Codes are typically organization specific.

Question 11

Which of the following is true, according to Bivins? (key to moral decision making)

Answer 11

the key to moral decision making is to act from a perspective of care for others, and from a sense of obligation to serve rather than to prevail

Question 12

theories that deal with rules or duties, also referred to as non-consequential theories

Answer 12

deontological

Question 13

Which of the following is not an example of non-consequentialism?

Answer 13

using a police scanner to avoid getting a speeding ticket
(not running a rape victim’s name in an article)
(a company policy never to alter or manipulate photos)
(keeping the 10 commandments)

Question 14

Which of the following is not an application of the Categorical Imperative?

Answer 14

Those who legislate the laws are not subject to them

Question 15

categorical imperative

Answer 15

an unconditional moral obligation that is binding in all circumstances and is not dependent on a person’s inclination or purpose

Question 16

theories that contend that the moral rightness of an action can be determined by looking at its consequences, according to Bivins

Answer 16

consequential

Question 17

Which philosopher is most identified with deontological (or duty-based) ethics, and his use of the categorical imperative?

Answer 17

Kant

Question 18

Which philosopher is most identified with utilitarianism, or the belief that we should always act to produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people?

Answer 18

Mill

Question 19

Which philosopher is most identified with virtue ethics and his use of the Golden Mean?

Answer 19

Aristotle

Question 20

Which of the following is not identified with virtue ethics?

Answer 20

actions have true moral worth only when they spring from recognition of a duty and a choice to discharge it

Question 21

Which of the following is inaccurate about public journalism? (its position)

Answer 21

Its position is that objectivity and providing information are the proper role and product of the media

Question 22

Which of the following best describes journalism? (how it acts)

Answer 22

It acts paternalistically, but also takes the desires of the public into account by entertaining them with what they want.

Question 23

Which of the following is not true, according to Bivins? (ad council)

Answer 23

The work of the Advertising Council does not qualify as pro bono work.

Question 24

Which of the following is false, according to Bivins (journalists value autonomy and libertarian)

Answer 24

Because journalists value autonomy and the libertarian perspective, they would welcome licensing to establish their professional credibility.

Question 25

False about journalists and clients.

Answer 25

Journalists have customers, not clients.

Question 26

False about advocacy and the Agency Model?

Answer 26

The Agency model and Advocacy ideology is shown by Bivins to successfully absolve advertisers and public relations from ethical responsibility for their client directed actions.

Question 27

True about services professionals provide.

Answer 27

Professions generally provide services that are vital to the organized function of society.

Question 28

What does the process of an occupation becoming professionalized not include?

Answer 28

freedom from the need to be licensed, credentialed, or certified

Question 29

False about the Fiduciary model

Answer 29

Bivins concludes about the Fiduciary model that it is not a good model professional communicators.

Question 30

False about norms a professional assumes

Answer 30

Being a professional, one assumes different but not enhanced ethical norms than societal norms.

Question 31

Why does journalism have an "equivocal status" as a profession?

Answer 31

People can be journalists even if they have not received training as journalists.

Question 32

What does Bivins disagree with about harm

Answer 32

Even if harm is done in the service of a greater good, it is not an acceptable side affect.

Question 33

True about withholding a publication.

Answer 33

the test for withholding a publication should be to weight the public need to know against the principle to avoid harm

Question 34

true about ghostwriters

Answer 34

it is ethically problematic for a ghostwriter to distort a communicator's character and sentiment

Question 35

false about client confidentiality

Answer 35

it is not ethically acceptable to violate client confidentiality, even when the client has done something that would harm the reputation and credibility of the communications professional

Question 36

Bivins does not suggest the following for mitigating harm in advertising and PR

Answer 36

assume that the ultimate determinant for the advocate's behavior is what the client wants

Question 37

false about deception

Answer 37

deception in the name of the public's right to know (as in undercover journalism) is unquestionably ethical because of its higher purpose

Question 38

false about caveat emptor

Answer 38

caveat emptor assumes that an intelligent consumer will not be able to discern nuances in messages

Question 39

false about legal vs ethical

Answer 39

being legal necessarily means being ethical

Question 40

true about ambiguity in ad and PR

Answer 40

ambiguity in advertising and public relations is usually intentional

Question 41

Compared to members of the public, how much access to documents, records, and news event sites do journalists have?

Answer 41

the same

Question 42

When it comes to recording face-to-face conversations, the majority of US states are...

Answer 42

"one-party" states

Question 43

How long does a federal agency have to respond to a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request?

Answer 43

20 working days

Question 44

Who may use the FOIA to request federal government records?

Answer 44

any US citizen

Question 45

The right of journalists to be on-location at the site of news events is

Answer 45

not clearly established

Question 46

Misrepresentation is both an ethical and a legal problem that may arise when reporters...

Answer 46

hide the fact that they work for a media outlet, hide the nature of the story they are developing, hide recording devices

Question 47

the majority of federal courts... (protecting reporters)

Answer 47

protect reporters from revealing information by using a qualified First Amendment privilege

Question 48

Potter is a reporter for Channel 10. Potter interviews Granger about a group that robs elderly people’s houses in the community. Potter says Granger's name will not appear in the story. But the Channel 10 news producer insists Granger's name be part of the story. After Granger hears the story, Granger sues Potter, the news producer, and Channel 10 for breaking Potter’s promise. Granger will

Answer 48

win because the US Supreme Court and other courts have said the First Amendment does not protect reporters who break confidentiality promises

Question 49

Shield laws are intended to protect the identity of

Answer 49

news sources

Question 50

The Supreme Court's three-part test rejects the protection of reporter's privilege when a reporter is likely to have

Answer 50

possession of information of significant interest, clearly relevant to a legal proceeding that cannot be obtained by alternate means

Question 51

state shield laws...

Answer 51

vary both in the nature of the protection they provide and the individuals they shield

Question 52

the sixth amendment guarantees criminal defendants...

Answer 52

a speedy, public, impartial trial by one's peers in the locale of the crime

Question 53

If a journalist refuses to name confidential sources, a court may cite the reporter with

Answer 53

contempt of court

Question 54

Jurors are not impartial if they...

Answer 54

have their minds made up before the trial starts

Question 55

In Sheppard v Maxwell, the Supreme Court held that

Answer 55

judges must protect the fair trial rights of a defendant by controlling the trial process, including media coverage

Question 56

Before closing a presumptively open court proceeding, a judge should establish that...

Answer 56

openness poses a threat to a fair process, no alternate to closure would assure fairness with less harm to public access, closure will be effective and narrowly tailored to maximize openness while protecting a fair judicial process

Question 57

(T or F) When a judge gives instructions and warnings to jurors about how to deliberate and reach a verdict, this is called voir dire.

Answer 57

False!

Question 58

In applying the journalist's privilege, most courts have...

Answer 58

not precisely defined "journalist" in spite of the efforts of some courts to do so

Question 59

(T or F) The majority opinion in Branzenburg v Hayes clearly established a reporter's privilege protected by the First Amendment free press clause.

Answer 59

False

Question 60

Restraining orders are...

Answer 60

often called gag orders

Question 61

Which of the following is not a rationale for regulating broadcast communication?

Answer 61

broadcasters have proven themselves unworthy of public trust and so must be controlled

Question 62

True regarding political broadcasting rules?

Answer 62

The "equal opportunities rule" requires that legally qualified candidates for federal office be given the same access to broadcast facilities as their opponents.

Question 63

The Federal Communications Commission regulates

Answer 63

broadcast radio and television

Question 64

Which of the following is the most important justification courts use to defend broadcast regulation?

Answer 64

spectrum scarcity

Question 65

Section 315 (political broadcasting and cablecasting) is in effect

Answer 65

all the time

Question 66

Ramon is the Democratic candidate for governor. He purchases 60 seconds of time on Channel 3 and runs a campaign ad two weeks before the general election. Alycia is the Green Party candidate for governor. She asks Channel 3 to sell her a minute of time. Channel 3’s general manager...

Answer 66

must sell Alycia 60 seconds of time

Question 67

Generally speaking, how does the FCC justify its regulations?

Answer 67

it is working in the public interest

Question 68

obscenity

Answer 68

depictions of patently offensive sexual conduct that violates the community standard and lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value

Question 69

What is the core value in diverse ownership of broadcast stations?

Answer 69

It leads to diverse viewpoints in programming.

Question 70

profanity definition

Answer 70

language so grossly offensive it amounts to a nuisance

Question 71

A group of citizens in the State of Zipzap gets enough valid signatures on a petition to put a referendum on the ballot that would require the state legislature to adopt a state holiday on Charles Dickens’ birthday. An all-news radio station sells advertising time to those who favor the holiday, but refuses to sell time for advertisements against the holiday. The anti-Dickens group tells the station manager that under Section 315, the manager must give the group equal opportunity. Who is correct, and why?

Answer 71

the station, because Section 315 does not apply to ballot issues, only political candidates

Question 72

(T or F) Cable television regulation is in the hands of the city governments exclusively; the US Congress has adopted no cable television laws.

Answer 72

False.

Question 73

(T or F) The Supreme Court has ruled that must-carry rules for cable are content-neutral because they do not dictate specific programming.

Answer 73

True

Question 74

Section 315 of the Communications Act of 1934

Answer 74

requires broadcast stations and cable systems to make equal opportunities available to legally qualified candidates for the same political office

Question 75

A week before the general election, John, a legally qualified candidate for mayor, is asked to make a free appearance on a radio station’s Saturday morning children’s book program. John does so and reads from “Charlotte’s Web.” Sara, a legally qualified candidate for mayor, demands time from the station. The station manager...

Answer 75

need not give Sara any time, because John did not purchase an advertisement

Question 76

What is FirstNet?

Answer 76

a broadband network dedicated exclusively to the public safety community

Question 77

indecency

Answer 77

depictions of patently offensive nudity or excretory organs

Question 78

(T or F) The US Supreme Court held that the Internet has full First Amendment protection, similar to print media.

Answer 78

True

Question 79

(T or F) On-the-spot coverage of bona fide news events is an exception to the use rule under Section 315.

Answer 79

True

Question 80

The reason the FCC can regulate cable is because is uses the spectrum to broadcast its signals, just as broadcasting does.

Answer 80

False

Question 81

a work is copyrighted when...

Answer 81

it is created

Question 82

Which of the following may be protected by copyright?

Answer 82

a story published on a newspaper's front page (scientific discoveries) (historical events)

Question 83

Sandy, a reporter for KSOX-TV, videotapes a fire in a downtown store and includes a portion of the tape in a story aired on the 10 p.m. news. KSOX...

Answer 83

owns the tape's copyright

Question 84

The videotape made by the KSOX crew in the other question is called a...

Answer 84

work made for hire

Question 85

To sue for copyright infringement under the current US copyright law, a copyright holder must

Answer 85

register the copyright before suing

Question 86

In copyright law, the term "fair use" means

Answer 86

the most commonly used defense against charges of copyright infringement

Question 87

Usually, the most important consideration when a court determines whether using copyrighted material without permission constitutes fair use is...

Answer 87

the impact on the copyrighted work's market value

Question 88

The most distinctful category of trademarks

Answer 88

fanciful marks

Question 89

trademark tacking

Answer 89

allows a trademark owner to slightly alter a trademark without abandoning ownership of the original mark

Question 90

Are photography and filming of actual events copyrightable?

Answer 90

yup.

Question 91

Correct about copyright holders' rights?

Answer 91

copyright holders retain exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, and perform their copyrighted works

Question 92

(T or F) a word, name, or symbol must be distinctive to be eligible for a trademark

Answer 92

True

Question 93

(T or F) dilution is using a well-known trademark without permission in a way that disparages the mark

Answer 93

True

Question 94

(T or F) the law does not give copyright protection to words and phrases, including advertising slogans and titles of books, movies, and television programs. These lack sufficient originality to qualify for copyright protection. However, a trademark can protect these creations.

Answer 94

True

Question 95

correct about copyright owners' rights

Answer 95

the rights of copyright owners are separate and distinct from each other

Question 96

(T or F) any one of the four factors for determining fair use may, in isolation, defeat a fair use defense

Answer 96

False

Question 97

What is the constitutional purpose of legal protections for patents and copyrights?

Answer 97

to provide an incentive so society can progress

Question 98

Which is the following is the proper subject matter for copyright protection?

Answer 98

a poet has scratched out a few notes on a napkin during lunch, and he intends to use the notes in composing his next long poem

Question 99

(T or F) The US Supreme Court has ruled that the First Amendment allows downloading current music recordings from the Internet without permission.

Answer 99

False

Question 100

(T or F) A work must be published and distributed to have copyright protection.

Answer 100

False