Final

Question 1

Who is Frederick Winslow Taylor?

Answer 1

The scientific management guy, you remember him from ACS400 right?

Question 2

What is scientific management?

Answer 2

A theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows to improve economic efficiency

Question 3

Why was scientific management developed?

Answer 3

Workers would deliberately work at a slow pace in fear of getting paid less for their work if they produced more in a shorter amount of time - this is known as soldiering

Question 4

What was the result of scientific management?

Answer 4

• People with needed skills were hired

- Managers provide training and supervision of staff

Question 5

How did Frederick W. Taylor develop scientific management?

Answer 5

Time/motion experiments to determine maximum efficiency.

Question 6

Who are the power elites in the US according to C. Wright Mills?

Answer 6

1. State
2. Corporation
3. Military

Question 7

Who are examples of power elites who have participated in every level of the power elites?

Answer 7

Hillary Clinton and Mitt Romney

Question 8

What is social stratification?

Answer 8

How individuals and social groups are divided in society and the inequalities of wealth and power that result from it.

Question 9

What is Weber have to say about social stratification?

Answer 9

They depend on skills, credentials and social status.

Question 10

What are pariah groups?

Answer 10

Groups that suffer from negative status discrimination, and have limited opportunities.

Question 11

What is bureaucracy?

Answer 11

Formal organization that is rationally designed to achieve its objectives, often by means of explicit rules, regulations and procedures

Question 12

Where was bureaucracy found before the industrial revolution?

Answer 12

Government and religious organizations

Question 13

What are the 5 characteristics of bureaucracy?

Answer 13

1) Hierarchy of authority
2) Written rules
3) Paid positions based on skills/seniority
4) Separation of work and home life
5) Separation from means of production (workers do not own their resources or products)

Question 14

What is a formal relation in bureaucracy?

Answer 14

Behaviour guided by formal rules and subject to formal authority

Question 15

What is informal relation in bureaucracy?

Answer 15

Ways of doing things that depart from formally recongized modes of procedure

Question 16

How do bureaucracies control time and space?

Answer 16

1) Timetables

2) Surveillance

Question 17

What are the 4 aspects of Ritzer’s McDonaldization?

Answer 17

1) Efficient methods for accomplishing tasks (ASAP)
2) Calculability (quantity over quality)
3) Uniformity (predictability and standardization)
4) Automation (deskilling employees to make them easily replaceable)

Question 18

What is the interactionist view of health and illness?

Answer 18

“Lived experience”

• reactions and adjustments to illness
• how does illness affect daily life?
• how does illness affect the sense of self?

Question 19

What is indivisualist patient-physician interaction, and where is it popular?

Answer 19

More concerned with the consequences of their own behaviour, needs and interests - more popular in the west

Question 20

What is the collectivist patient-physician interaction, and where is it popular?

Answer 20

Focus on the impact of their behaviours on others and more willing to sacrifice personal interests to maintain harmony - more popular in the east

Question 21

Who is more likely to use alternative medicines?

Answer 21

High-income, college-educated, non-african american women

Question 22

Why do people use alternative medicines?

Answer 22

Discontent with the bureaucratic administrative state of standard medicine

Question 23

What do Berger and Luckmann have to say about “experts”

Answer 23

They set norms, define proper and improper behaviour, deviant and conforming behaviour, sick and healthy behaviour

Question 24

What does Karp have to say about depression?

Answer 24

That it is difficult to find the right doctor, because patients and doctors have different versions of therapy’s “reality”

Question 25

What is differential association in terms of deviance?

Answer 25

Suggests that criminal behaviour is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime

Question 26

What are everyday deviances?

Answer 26

- Inappropriate remarks - Improper displays of emotions - Funny body sounds

Question 27

What does labelling theory claim?

Answer 27

People become deviant because certain labels are attached to their behaviour by political authorities or others

Question 28

What is primary deviation?

Answer 28

Actions that cause others to label one as deviant

Question 29

What is secondary deviation?

Answer 29

Occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly

Question 30

What is embarrassment?

Answer 30

A response to a self-presentational failure

Question 31

According to Edwin Lemert, how are secondary deviances produced?

Answer 31

1) Primary deviations 2) Social penalties 3) Further primary deviations 4) Stronger penalties and rejections 5) Further deviation 6) Crisis reached in the tolerance quotient, expressed in further action by the community stigmatizing of the deviant 7) Strengthening of the deviant conduct as a reaction to the stimatizing and penalities 8) Ultimate acceptance of deviant social status and efforts at adjustment on the basis of the associated role

Question 32

Is youth displacing adulthood as he dominant "centre" of the life course? Why or why not?

Answer 32

- No - Youth are often portrayed as the centre but face ageism in places that require experience (work, credit score) - Do not have access to important aspects of life - Adults are obsessed with youth, looking younger - Rooted in maintaining the positive aspects of youth while living the positive aspects of adulthood

Question 33

What are some examples of the ways in which class analysis could be developed through an intersectional framework of power? Where does bureaucracy fit in? (Hint: Brazil)

Answer 33

- In Brazil, a series of errors caused by low-level worker - Because of bureaucracy, it is difficult to reverse the arrest of the innocent man - Man was of lower class, as a result wife has difficulty due to minimal power: Difficult for her to speak to the right people to release her husband - Reflected in reality, lower class people have difficulty interacting with distinguished people - requires many levels of other people (Bureaucracy)

Question 34

Woody Allen Quote, How does it critique Western financial culture? Draw from The Big Short

Answer 34

- Money is a tool we use to survive - Critiques being wealthy as the ultimate goal: money provides happiness through the acquisition of commodities - Demonstrated by the slimy mortgage brokers in The Big Short who undermine customers for their own financial gain - Money is not a long-term promise to happiness

Question 35

How does the distinction between normality and abnormality contribute to social regulation?

Answer 35

- Helps to identify risky behaviour - Able to remove risk from society/the public - Able to help the person with the risky behaviour return to "normality" - e.g. homicide, suicide

Question 36

Identify three potential areas of distinction between childhood and adulthood. Can you identify concrete examples that disrupt these distinctions?

Answer 36

- Pre-teen (10-12) friendship - Teen (13-19) romantic - Young adult (20-27) balance - distinctions overlap - preteens "dating" (recess) - teens balancing school, work and social life

Question 37

In what ways have consumer loyalties and brand identities been constructed around symbols of gender, class, and power?

Answer 37

- Conspicuous consumption - Chanel purse: feminine, high class and powerful - Off-brand backpack: less powerful, less feminine, lower class - Money = power

Question 38

What is labelling theory? Describe how labelling theory works in the context of schooling and education systems.

Answer 38

- People act in deviant ways because of labels placed upon them by authority figures - "class clown" deviant behaviour for humour - teacher, others staff label them - encourages them to continue deviant behaviours