Final

Question 1

biuret reagent

Answer 1

blue copper based solution that reacts with proteins to produce a purple color

Question 2

Insulin

Answer 2

a peptide hormone that is synthesized in the pancreas and plays a significant role in blood sugar regulation in the body.

Question 3

Who invented the spectrophotometer

Answer 3

Arnold O. Beckman

Question 4

pigments

Answer 4

substances that absorb visible light

Question 5

spectrophotometer

Answer 5

an instrument that is able to quantify the color of solutions

Question 6

Beer-Lambert Law

Answer 6

A=ECL

Question 7

E in Beer Lambert Law

Answer 7

Extinction co-efficient

Question 8

What range of wavelengths can humans see

Answer 8

400nm (blue/violeet) to 700 (red)

Question 9

What does it mean if we see something as green

Answer 9

it is reflecting more green wavelengths (510nm) more so than others.

Question 10

absorbance spectrum

Answer 10

the curve that results from plotting the absorbance of a solution vs the wavelength of light passing through a colored solution

Question 11

lambda max

Answer 11

the wavelength that results in the greatest absorbance

Question 12

linear regression analysis

Answer 12

a statistical technique that allows one to examine the relationship between two variables. Useful for examining causal relationships between two variables

Question 13

r value/ correlation coefficient

Answer 13

indicates the degree to which X and Y vary together and always varies between -1 and +1.

Question 14

saturated

Answer 14

cannot turn more purple

Question 15

concentration factor

Answer 15

if you diluted 1ml of serum in a total volume of 10ml you have made a 1/10 dilution or a solution that was .1X
v1/v2

Question 16

dilution factor

Answer 16

reciprocal of the concentration factor and is 10/1

v2/v1

Question 17

promoters

Answer 17

regions of DNA, generally located upstream of a gene that controls whether or not a gene is transcribed

Question 18

plasmid

Answer 18

• small circular pieces of DNA in bacteria that contain genes which are regions of DNA that are transcribed into mRNA that can be translated into a protein

Question 19

origin of replication

Answer 19

first base pair is arbitrarily assigned to ori because they are circular

Question 20

restriction enzymes (or restriction endocnucleases)

Answer 20

bacterial enzymes that act as defense mechanisms in bacteria. they cleave double stranded DNA internally, cutting both strands at regions of specific nucleotide sequences that vary from enzyme to enzyme

Question 21

target site/recognition site

Answer 21

the sequence cut by a restriction enzyme

Question 22

How does a bacterium protect its own DNA against digestion

Answer 22

by chemically modifying its DNA soon after replication by adding methyl groups to bases within the target site of the endonuclease

Question 23

recombinant DNA

Answer 23

combining fragments of DNA from one source with fragments of DNA from another source.

Question 24

gel electrophoresis

Answer 24

most widely used method for separating macromolecules from one another based on size

Question 25

How does gel electrophoresis work

Answer 25

charged macromolecules (negatively charged DNA in this case) migrate through a gell when an electrical field is applied across that gell. The distance migrated by a dan molecule during the time it is subjected to the field is determined by three factors: 1) the size(length_ of the molecules 2) the electrical field and 3) the density of the gene matrix. The larger molecules will have more difficulty working its way through the gell than smaller ones, so they won't get as close to the positive pole.

Question 26

sybr-green

Answer 26

a dye which binds to DNA and fluoresces when exposed to short wavelength light

Question 27

orange G

Answer 27

a colored dye that allows you to view the progression of your sample in real time as it migrates down the gel

Question 28

glycerol

Answer 28

a solution with a high enough density to allow your DNA sample to sink to the bottom of the well while you are loading your samples into the gel

Question 29

transformation

Answer 29

the process by which a bacterial cell takes up a molecule of DNA from the environment and incorporates at least some of its information into its own heredity

Question 30

expression vectorsq

Answer 30

plasmids that are designed to allow for expression of specific genes in an organism

Question 31

promoters

Answer 31

regions of DNA that allow transcription by recruiting RNA polymerase to specific area of DNA so that the gene of interest can be transcribed into mRNA

Question 32

constitutive promoters

Answer 32

always expressed in the cell

Question 33

regulated promoters

Answer 33

regulated by environment

Question 34

why is pGLO only expressed in the presence of arabinose

Answer 34

because it would be a waste of energy to transcribe some genes that aren't always needed in the cell. The gene for arabinose is only necessary when arabinose is around because ecoli usually prefer glucose, so when there is an abundance of arabinose, it is worth the extra trouble to transcribe and translate the gene products involved in arabinose metabolism. the expression of GPF in a bacterial cell is controlled by the promoter called Para and it controls the expression of genes involved in arabinose, and pGLO expression vector is found downstream from the Para promoter

Question 35

What do we grow the coli in?

Answer 35

1) LB 2) LB and ampicillin 3)LB ampicillin and arabinose

Question 36

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Answer 36

an important technique that allows for quick and efficient isolation of a specific gene

Question 37

DNA polymerase

Answer 37

enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization reaction of DNA replication

Question 38

helicase

Answer 38

protein needed in PCR IN VIVO to separate the two hydrogen bonded strands of DNA. This allows each strand to be used as a template for the DNA polymerase to mae a complementary strand

Question 39

Properties of DNA polymerase

Answer 39

cannot initiate new strand, can only extend a primer DNA polymerase extends the primer strand by adding additional nucleotides to its 3' end so that the new strand grow in the 5'--3' direction

Question 40

primer

Answer 40

short piece of RNA primer that is later replaced by DNA

Question 41

why do we heat th DNA

Answer 41

because helicase and other proteins aren't used to break up the hydrogen bonds of the DNA strands, so heating it breaks them apart.

Question 42

Are the primers the same in Vivo and in Vitro?

Answer 42

no, the experimenter synthesizes primer strands that are made of DNA and thus do not need to be replaced later like they do in vivo. The two primers are different, one primer is complementary to one strand of the template at one end of the gene and the second is complementary to the other strand at the other end of the gene.

Question 43

What needs to be added for PCR to occur

Answer 43

many copies of the two DNA primers, multiple copies of the template or target dan, a mister of the four dan nucleotides and a special heat resistant DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase in this lab)

Question 44

Three steps of PCR reaction

Answer 44

heating, annealing (primer binding), replication (or primer extension).

Question 45

polymorphic genes

Answer 45

two ore more alleles of that locus

Question 46

VNTR

Answer 46

variable number of tandem repeats are composed of repeated copies of a DNA sequence that lie next to one another on the chromosome.