Final Flashcards
1
Q
Name the candidates for the 1960 election and one fact abut the democratic runner.
A
John F. Kennedy (D)– Catholic, so Protestant Christians feared him in office
Richard Nixon (R)
2
Q
TV Debates
A
Presidential debates on television used for the first time in the 1960 election
3
Q
Flexible Response
A
Kennedy’s new military strategy that refused to threaten with the use of nuclear weapons and instead increase conventional forces such as creating the Green Beret
(they still developed nuclear weapons to keep Soviet power in check)
4
Q
Fidel Castro
A
communist that took over Cuba
5
Q
Bay of Pigs Invasion
A
- Cuban exiles’ attempts to stop Fidel Castro
- invasion of Cuba from the beaches of Florida
- help from Kennedy canceled last minute
- failure that made Kennedy pay communists ransom for survivors and kept Castro in power
- made people mad at Kennedy
6
Q
Cuban Missile Crisis
A
- missiles from Soviets begin to assemble in Cuba
- Kennedy puts embargo on Cuba
- Khrushchev told not to enter the water or they will be blasted
- Khrushchev ignores until he sees Kennedy’s fleet so he tells his ships to return to Russia
7
Q
Khrushchev
A
Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis
8
Q
Berlin Wall
A
wall built by Khrushchev to keep east Berlin in not west Berlin out
represented Communist Oppression
9
Q
Hot Line
A
phone connecting Khrushchev and Kennedy directly to each other
10
Q
Limited Test Ban Treaty
A
United States and Soviets agree to no testing of nuclear weapons
11
Q
Berlin Crisis
A
East Berliners fled to West Berlin and brought communist ideals with them but when they left it also hurt the economy that kept changing
Berlin Wall created to solve problem
12
Q
New Frontier
A
space exploration
13
Q
space race
A
race to new areas of science in space
14
Q
NASA
A
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
15
Q
Peace Corps
A
program established by Kennedy that asked young people to go around the world and help countries to assist poverty abroad
16
Q
How did Kennedy’s assassination happen and in what year?
A
1963; Kennedy arrived in Texas and was riding in an open Limousine with police escorts when shots from an apartment building were fired and hit Kennedy who was then rushed to the hospital and pronounced dead
17
Q
Lee Harvey Oswald
A
Kennedy’s assassin
18
Q
Plessy v. Ferguson
A
separate but equal court case
19
Q
Jim Crow Laws
A
laws about segregation
20
Q
Thurgood Marshall
A
African American man who fought against racism and with a team of law students began to take away Plessy v. Ferguson
21
Q
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
A
Equal separation doesn’t actually exist
African American girl wasn’t allowed to go to white school that was closer than black school so President Eisenhower allowed her to go and gave her guards
22
Q
Rosa Parks
A
lady who refused to give up her seat on bus to white person and was arrested
her stance led many people to begin striking bus lines
23
Q
Martin Luther King, Jr.
A
man who read about Gandhi’s nonviolent resistance and followed his examples
gave the “I Have a Dream Speech”
24
Q
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
A
nonviolent protest group for civil rights
Ella Baker encourage university to found it
25
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
group that carried on nonviolent crusades against the evils of second-class citizenship
King and other leaders founded it
26
Sit-ins
African Americans who sat in white chairs at restaurants nonviolently
27
Freedom Riders
Groups of whites and blacks that rode buses through south to seek publicity and test the segregation in the deep south
28
James Meredith
African American that won a court case that allowed him to enroll into a white school but then governor didn’t let him register so President Kennedy sent military escort to help him
29
Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ)
- president that succeeds Kennedy
- fights for civil rights
- fights poverty
(Vice President: Hubert Humphrey)
30
Civil Rights Act of 1964
act passed by LBJ that prohibited discrimination of any kind anywhere
31
Selma Campaign
Protest march against discrimination for voters that turned extremely violent and grew to 25,000+ and television cameras captured scene and the entire world becomes aware of discrimination problem
32
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Got rid of literacy test that had been for blacks and allowed more voting
33
Name the two kinds of segregation, what the difference is, and which one is harder to change.
De facto segregation: by practice/custom; harder to change because it is a mindset
De jure segregation: by law
34
Watt Riot
- one of the worst racial riots
- Watts Street, Los Angeles
- very violent
- made people realize Africans wanted economic equality
35
Nation of Islam
group of Black Muslims
36
Malcolm X
- studied Muhammad's stuff in prison
- decided violence is the only way
- "do whatever it takes for equality" mentality
37
Who is James Earl Ray and what date in history is he famous for?
Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassin on April 3, 1968
38
Black Power
the call for black people to begin to define their own goals and lead their own organizations and avoid the help of whites for fear of provoking others
39
Black Panthers
political party that meant to fight police brutality in ghettos (like Black Lives Matter)
40
Civil Rights Act of 1968
most important civil rights legislation since Reconstruction that ended discrimination in housing which ended de jure segregation
41
Affirmative action
special efforts to enroll or hire discriminated groups that made quotas for whites to be hired
"reverse discrimination"
42
Name the four presidents in order who were in office during the Vietnam War.
Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon
43
Who ends the Vietnam War and how?
Nixon; flies in with helicopter and picks up military and just leaves
44
Who sent the U.S. military into Vietnam and who increased the amount of soldiers?
Ike began the Vietnam War and Kennedy increased the amount of military involvement
45
Ngo Dinh Diem
South Vietnam's president (anti-communist); very corrupt though so Kennedy orders CIA to mess with him
46
Ho Chi Minh
communist leader of Vietcong that lead attacks on Diem government
47
Who did the U.S. fight against in the Vietnam War?
almost anyone who wasn't communist (didn't like Diem though despite him being anti-communist)
48
Ho Chi Minh Trail
- network of paths along the Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia borders
- underground paths made it nearly impossible to effectively bomb
- had been in French control but was left for U.S.
49
Domino theory
Ike's theory that if one communist country fell then others would follow
50
Jack Ruby
man who killed Lee Harvey Oswald (Kennedy's assassin)
51
Warren Commission
group that investigated and determined that Lee Harvey Oswald was Kennedy's assassin
52
War on Poverty
the battle against world poverty where LBJ begins to build up the welfare system (people paid not to work :P)
53
Economic Opportunity Act (EOA)
act that approved nearly $1 billion worth of youth programs, antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training in an effort to remove property
54
Great Society
LBJ’s vision of a country without poverty or racial injustice
55
Name the candidates for the 1964 election and one fact about the Republican candidate.
Lyndon B. Johnson (D)
Barry Goldwater (R); extremely conservative and merely ran because each party had to have someone rather than that he wanted to win a lot
56
Medicare
- passed by LBJ
| - healthcare for old people with social security
57
Medicaid
- passed by LBJ
| - extended healthcare for any person whose income is less than national poverty rate
58
Reapportionment
the way states redraw election districts based on the changing number of people in them
59
Miranda rights
the rights given to people that are accused of a crime
example: the right to remain silent
60
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
- the closest declaration of war on Vietnam the entire time
| - Congress approved LBJ to prevent further aggression from Vietnam
61
U.S.S Maddox
ship attacked by North Vietnamese in the Tonkin Gulf
62
Robert McNamara
LBJ's secretary of defense during Vietnam War and eventually resigns
63
Dean Rusk
LBJ's secretary of state
64
William Westmoreland
U.S. general during the Vietnam War that fought during the Tet Offensive
65
Napalm bombs
- bombs that clear dense forests by burning
| - used in Vietnam War to locate guerrilla soldiers
66
Agent Orange
leaf-killing toxic chemical used in the Vietnam War by U.S.
67
Search-and-destroy missions
missions that U.S. soldiers would perform that consisted of civilian interrogations, death of livestock to those suspected to have ties with Vietcong, and the burning of villages
68
Draft-selective service system
all males had to register to be randomly selected to fight in wars
69
Students for Democratic Society (SDS)
- founded based off of the New Left ideals
| - called for a restoration of democracy and greater individual freedoms
70
New Left
growing youth movement during the Vietnam War
71
Doves
anti-war people during Vietnam
72
Hawks
pro-war people during Vietnam
73
Tet Offensive
- huge invasion that overruns capital of south Vietnam and militarily it is a disaster for Vietnam cuz we kill most of them but psychologically it worked for them
- Americans begin to change ideas about war
74
Walter Cronkite
- man who realizes that U.S. seems to be winning via the Tet Offensive but notices Vietnam has strength to come across border and invade
- Are we winning or not? he concludes we aren’t winning
75
Clark Clifford
- replaces McNamara under LBJ as secretary of defense
| - first of cabinet to doubt USA is winning war and he tells Johnson
76
Name the candidates for the 1968 election and explain how the candidates were chosen.
Hubert Humphrey vs. Nixon
-Nixon wins
LBJ announces he won't be running for president so Eugene McCarthy begins to campaign for democratic spot and does well until Robert Kennedy comes along which begins well but ends with his assassination and then Humphrey, LBJ's vice president, decides to run and the people chose him
*LBJ (D), Eugene McCarthy (D-dove), Robert Kennedy (D), Hubert Humphrey (D), Nixon (R)*
77
Hubert Humphrey
LBJ's vice president and losing candidate for presidential election in 1968
78
Democratic Convention in Chicago
Democratic convention in Chicago to chose candidate for 1968 election when thousands of anti-war protesters showed up
79
Richard Nixon
Republican candidate for president in 1968 and wins
80
Vietnamization
Nixon's plan for gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops in Vietnam War so Vietnamese would rely less on them and fight for themselves
81
Henry Kissinger
Nixon’s National Security Adviser and really is the one that ends the war an suggests vietnamization
82
Silent majority
group of pro-war people that Nixon appealed to even though they didn't protest
83
My Lai massacre
U.S. soldiers attacked so commander went in and killed all Viatnamese villagers
84
Invasion of Cambodia
U.S. movement into Cambodia in an effort to clear out North Vietnamese and Vietcong supply centers
85
Kent State University
massive student protest where National Guard called to put out riot at school and somehow National Guard shoots so people get mad at army
86
Pentagon Papers
huge document leaked that showed the government wasn't actually trying to get out of Vietnam and made anti-war people even more mad but didn't weaken Nixon administration too much
87
The Fall of Saigon
cease-fire agreement failed between North V. and South V. and North abruptly invaded south and captured Saigon which led to South Vietnam soon after surrendering to the North
88
War Powers Act
stipulated that president must tell Congress within 48 hours pf sending forces into a hostile area without a declaration of war
89
Cesar Chavez
man that noticed farm workers in CA were barely paid and given no rights as employees so barely above slaves so he organized them into the UFWOC
90
United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC)
- mostly Hispanic group that went on strike during farming season to be noticed
- Latinos began to gain political power
- people realized not just African Americans gain civil rights
91
American Indian Movement (AIM)
Group that realized government had made promises about free stuff if they stayed on the reservation and that the government hadn’t paid up so they got attorneys
92
Betty Friedan
woman that worked on feminist movement
93
Equal Work Equal Pay
rule that people who work the same should get the same
94
Feminism
The belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men
95
National Organization of Women (NOW)
pushed for women's rights such as child care, jobs, etc
96
Gloria Steinem
Feminist, journalist, and political activist
97
Roe V. Wade
abortion allowed ruling
98
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Guaranteed women and men equal rights
99
Counterculture
a movement made up of mostly youths that challenged the current culture
(the beginning of hippie vans)
100
The Beatles
Music group from England
101
Woodstock
famous music festival
Like a counterculture camp meeting
102
New Federalism
Nixon’s plan to distribute a portion of federal power to state and local governments
(Government help states by giving back some tax to states)
103
Stagflation
Time without inflation or deflation where the economy is stagnant
104
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
countries that decided they would raise oil prices cuz they thought they were too low so they decided to stop shipping oil to U.S. so people were only allowed to buy gas on some days
105
Realpolitik
Henry Kissinger's belief to ignore little countries, even if communist, and only worry about the strong ones
106
Detente
the relaxation of tensions between world superpowers
107
SALT I Treaty
treaty that limited number of intercontinental callistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles with Soviet Union and U.S.
108
Nixon’s trip to China/Moscow
He talks to communists even though he is known as the ultimate communist fighter
109
Watergate
Building that held Democrat campaign headquarters and there was a burglary with files scattered
110
Plumbers
People who were discovered to have carried out the Watergate burglary
111
Committee to Reelect the President (CRP)
group that is thought to have come up with breaking into the headquarters but the plumbers actually carried out the act
112
John Sirica
Judge over Watergate and was convinced plumbers were working for someone
113
Sam Ervin (or Sam Irving?)
Got programs playing and people would listen to them a lot about politics during time of Watergate
114
Nixon Tapes
Nixon recorded every conversation that happened in the oval office
They come out and it implicates that Nixon was involved with Watergate but there is an 18 minute gap with someone from Watergate that he was talking to
115
Saturday Night Massacre
problem with Nixon tapes came up so Nixon told his attorney general to fire someone but he refused and resigned and when the deputy attorney general refused he was fired by Nixon
116
Impeachment
efforts to get rid of president
The charge is from house and then trial is in the senate
117
Nixon Resignation
He resigns from presidency before he was impeached
118
Gerald Ford
- first person to become vice president and president without being elected
- Nixon's successor
119
Nixon Pardon
Gerald Ford pardons Nixon because he wants U.S. to focus on future and not past in the time of tribulation
-good idea but it lost him next election
120
Whip Inflation Now (WIN)
Ford decided he wanted to get rid of inflation immediately
121
Name the candidates for the 1976 Presidential Election and explain why the winner won.
Jimmy Carter (D) vs. Gerald Ford (R)
Carter wins because he was a peanut farmer and represented small town "power"
122
National Energy Act
Carter placed a tax on gas-guzzling cars, removed price controls on oil and gas produced in U.S., and extended tax credits for alternative energy
123
Panama Canal Treaty
Roosevelt had built the Panama Canal and the U.S. controlled it until the treaty where the U.S. gave back the canal to Panama control
124
Camp David Accords
Intense negotiations for a few days that led to Egypt saying it would allow Israel to exist in harmony
125
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
man that led a revolution in Iran and took American hostages and put them on TV and they held them 444 days
Iran and US don’t get along today
126
Earth day
environmental awareness day passed by Carter
127
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
agency given power to regulate environmental research and standards
passed by Nixon
128
Three Mile Island
Nuclear plant that released bad stuff and started protest march against nuclear power in Pennsylvania
129
Entitlement programs
Provided guaranteed benefits to particular groups
130
New Right
Focused energy on getting back to morals cuz of stuff like abortion and other social issues going on
131
Affirmative action
policies giving advantages to minorities
132
Reverse discrimination
favoring one group over another on the basis of race or gender
133
Berkeley v. Ucalf
Black man denied admission to medical school even though he was smarter
Court case against reverse discrimination
134
Moral Majority
Christians who say country is out of control so morals need to come back
135
Name the candidates 1980 election
```
Jimmy Carter (D) vs. Ronald Reagan (R)
Reagan wins
```
136
Reagonomics
Reagan’s philosophy of three parts:
- Budget cuts
- Tax cuts
- Increased defense spending
137
Supply-side economics
the theory that if you have wealthy people and help them stay wealthy then it will eventually trickle down to poor people
138
Stars Wars
Reagan's preparation for fighting on earth and in space (missiles not aliens... dang it)
officially called the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
139
Sandra Day O'Connor
first woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court
140
Deregulation
the removing of regulations
141
Clarence Thomas/Anita Hill
Clarence Thomas was to take over Thurgood Marshall’s position and was appointed but was accused of sexually harassing Anita Hill so debate went up about that
142
Sally Ride
First lady astronaut
143
Christa McAuliffe
Rides on Challenger that blows up
144
Name the candidates of the 1984 Presidential Election and the vice president of the democratic party and why they were important?
Walter Mondale (D) vs. Ronald Reagan (R)
Walter Mondale's vice was Geraldine Ferraro and she was the first woman to run for vice president
Reagan wins
145
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS)
a virus that destroyed the immune system and caused from bodily fluid contamination or sexual interactions
