Final Flashcards
(72 cards)
1
Q
Old terrorism
A
- Propaganda of the dead
- Limited use of violence for political end
- Spectators, not casualties
2
Q
New terrorism
A
- “kill a thousand, frighten a million”
- Causing damage and taking casualties is primary goal
- Lack of restraint
3
Q
What are some of the factors that contribute to radicalization of individuals?
A
- Increased fervor
- Islam
- Unemployment in the middle east
4
Q
What are the different categories of weapons of mass destruction and some examples?
A
- Chemical Weapons (nerve agents, blister agents, blood agents, choking agents)
- Biological Weapons
(pathogens, toxins) - Nuclear and Radiological Weapons (“dirty bombs,” purloined nuclear device, improvised nuclear device)
5
Q
Prevention in counterterrorism
A
- Knowing where and when terroristic activity may happen
- Cut funding to things that would further terrorism
- Placing barriers
- Surveillance, interrogation, infiltration, and disruption
6
Q
Preemption in counterterrorism
A
- Having knowledge of specific attacks and taking measures to stop it
- Military strikes
- Torture and rendition
- Intervention
7
Q
What triggered the Arab Spring?
A
High rates of unemployment
8
Q
What are the various elements to the theory of counter-insurgency advocated by thinkers like David Galula?
A
Everyone is a fighter. You must win the hearts and minds of all of the people in order to win.
9
Q
What were some of the challenges with counter-insurgency with regards to the french experience in Algeria? (also in regards to torture)
A
- Counter-insurgency succeeded but cost was so high that they ceded independence to Algeria
- Torture undermines legitimacy
10
Q
How did the US practice counter-insurgency in Iraq?
A
- “Clear, hold, build”
- Deployed overwhelming force
- Created stability and security
- Built institutions and infrastructure
11
Q
Costs of counter-insurgency
A
- Locals need economic incentives
- Shower locals in money and benefits for certain behaviors
12
Q
Seven key elements of counter-insurgency
A
- Appropriate force
- Partner with indigenous forces
- Promote public safety
- Infiltrate enemy operations
- Economic and social services
- Manage information
- Manage detainees
13
Q
Problems with counter-insurgency
A
- Humans are more than “rational” characters
- Social ties, cultural taboos, and ethnic identities
- Tortue used when people don’t behave “rationally”
14
Q
What is meant by the “revolution in military affairs?”
A
- New technological applications into traditional weapons
- New operational concepts, strategies, and tactics
- Those who innovate RMA usually triumph on battlefield
15
Q
What are some of the different forms of cyber-weapons?
A
- Viruses and worms
- Trojan horses
- Zombies and botnets
16
Q
What are the different types of cyber-war?
A
- Cyber-espionage: illegally accessing sensitive information stored on online databases
- Cyber-crime: using online tools to steal identities or defraud bank accounts
- Cyber-attacts: using viruses and other virtual weapons to damage or destroy real world capabilities
17
Q
Which states have engaged in cyber-attacks?
A
- Russia, against Georgia in 2008 and against Estonia in 2009
- China
- Israel, against Iran in 2010
- US, thanks to Snowden
18
Q
How much does a B-2 bomber cost?
A
2.5 billion per plane
19
Q
How much does a F-35 cost?
A
100 million per plane
20
Q
What are some examples of what an asymmetric fighter might use against air assets?
A
- Jamming (disruption of signals)
- Deception (fake targets)
- Mobility
- “Human shields” (fear of civilian casualties)
21
Q
What is a UAV and how might it be used?
A
A drone, essentially. They can attack/surveil targets at low financial and human costs.
22
Q
What are some examples of asymmetric fighters might use against more powerful navies?
A
- Shore-based fire
- Submarines
- Mines
- Fast inshore attack craft (FIAC)
- Piracy
23
Q
What is an LCS?
A
Litoral Combat Ship
Small and fast ships armed with guns instead of missiles
24
Q
What is the nature of piracy in the 21st century?
A
Pirates operate in littoral areas where substantial international shipping passes. Pirates are often poor fisherman and other laborers hat turn to piracy for financial gain.
25
What is the newest US ship and who much is it to produce?
The USS Zumwalt
1.4 billion per ship
26
What are some of the elements of effective ground combat?
- Mobility
- Firepower
- Armor
27
What was the Soviet strategy during the Cold War?
Swarm across the division between East and West Germany
Quantity over quality
28
What was the NATO strategy during the Cold War?
Emphasize survivability and accuracy to defend West Germany
Quality over quantity
29
What are the challenges to ground combat posed by uneven natural terrain and urban spaces?
- More places for enemy to hide
- Greater civilian casualties
- Limited movement
- Asymmetric force multiplier
- Disruption of logistical capabilities
30
Explain the challenges faced by urban terrain in Mogadishu
- Local warlords used rifles and RPGs to shoot down US military vehicles (Black Hawk Down)
- High casualties resulted in withdrawal
- Guerrilla army defeated US army
31
Explain the challenges faced by urban terrain in Grozny
- Chechen rebels took over city in 1994
- Russian army was badly damages from poor urban tactics and communication
- Russia destroyed the city to put down rebellion
32
Explain the challenges faced by urban terrain in Fallujah
- Site of two intense battles between US forces and insurgents in 2004
- US relied on air strikes and artillery
- Much of the city was destroyed and many insurgents claimed the siege of Fallujah led to the rise of ISIS
33
Explain the challenges faced by urban terrain in Afghanistan
- Terrain was too rugged for most military vehicles
- Altitude limitations on aircraft
- Mountains and woods disrupted communications
34
What is the Rear Echelon?
- Area of medical support, maintenance, logistics, and supplies (staff officers)
- No expectation of active combat
- Good at attacking if guerrilla fighter
35
What is the US approach to military activity in urban spaces?
- More armor and firepower
- More technology
- Reliance on air support
- Require more training
- Better leadership and institutional priority in military organization
36
What is the British approach to military activity in urban spaces?
- Troops remain vulnerable
- Easy to interact with
- Requires more training
- Better leadership and institutional priority in military organization
37
What is the difference in TECHINT and HUMINT?
TECHINT:
- Signals, imaging, surveillance
- Gathers data, but not intent or motivation
HUMINT:
- Open source
- Interactions with people
38
What is the US worse at, TECHINT and HUMINT?
HUMINT
39
What are the challenges to effective asymmetric combat posed by military bureaucracy?
Bureaucratic Politics: Agencies compromise and bargain rather than arrive at consensus
Bureaucratic Rivalry: Agencies vie with each other for limited budgets, ear of leadership, and policy relevance
40
What is the term "soft power?"
- Enticement, inducements, and seduction
| - Pop culture
41
What is meant by the term "securitization?"
Making things threats that need to be tackled from a military stand-point (war on drugs)
42
Who is Vladimir Surkov?
Russian advisor and political theorist. Wrote "Without Sky."
43
What is meant by the term "non-linear war?"
- Wars fought by coalitions
- Weaponry of media and manipulation
- Constantly keep everyone off balance
- Not only state-actors
44
Where is this "non-linear war" most evident today?
Russia. They keep fucking with everyone.
45
What are the features of the "global state of war" as outlined by Hardt and Negri?
- World no longer consists of independent sovereign states
- The world is govern by an "empire" made of powerful states, transnational corporations, international institutions, and prevailing ideologies
46
What is meant by the "state of exception?"
- Under the old system, war was a "state of exception"
| - It was a unique circumstance that required sovereign to exercise special powers and limit freedoms
47
What is meant by the term "biopower?"
- Power of understanding as the controlling of discourse
- To exercise power is to exercise hegemony over a set of ideas and practices
- Creating identities
48
What is meant by the term "Full Spectrum Dominance?"
- An apparatus of power that produces its own compliant subject
- Every interaction with the state is a battle of some sort
- State controls all dimensions of power
49
What are examples of biopower?
- Shifting of discourse from "war" to "defense" to "security"
- Changing role of combatants
50
What is meant by the term "Post-Fordism?"
- Asymmetric forms of economic production and social organization
51
What are the different categories of resistors in the 21st Century?
- Futureless Graduates
- Electronic Jacobins
- Networked "Wretched of the Earth"
52
What are examples of the Futureless Graduates?
- Fee protestors (2010 Paris and London)
- Campus occupiers (2011 UC Berkley and Davis)
- "Commandanta Camila" (2011 Camila leads students in violent protests in Chile)
53
What is meant by the term "sous-veillance?"
Underground surveillance done mostly by phones
54
What is meant by "horizontalism?"
- Focus on direct democracy, voluntary association, and direct confrontation of authority
- Rejection of hierarchical organization, planning, and leadership
55
Sunni
Dominant sect of Islam
56
Shi'a
Smaller sect of Islam, mostly in Iraq and Iran. Belief of a "mahdi" who will purify the Islamic world and restore the caliphate.
57
Shari'a Law
The legal manifestation of the Koran
58
Salafism
Extreme and puritanical interpretation of Islamic values based on Mohammed's time
59
Wahhabism
Variation of Salafism deeply intertwined with the politics of Saudi Arabia
60
Jihad
Arabic word for struggle. Struggle to live a faithful life.
61
Sayyid Qutb
- Went to CSU
| - Talked mad shit about Western culture
62
Hezbollah
- Objectives are political (liberation of Palestine)
| - Based in Lebanon
63
Hamas
- Seeking liberation of Palestine
| - Governing body of the Gaza Strip
64
Al Qaeda
- "the base"
- Grew out of mujahideen struggle against USSR in Afghanistan
- shift from "near enemy" to "far enemy"
65
ISIS
- ISIL, IS, or Da'esh
- Active mostly in Eastern Syria and Norther Iraq
- Rise to power amid the weakening of Assad in Syria and weak Iraqi state
66
AQAP
- Al Qaeda affiliate in Yemen and Saudi Arabia
| - Anwar al-Alwaki (killed in drone strike)
67
AQIM
- Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
| - Radisson Hotel attack in Mali
68
Boko Haram
- Active in Africa
| - Mass rapes and killings
69
Al Shabaab
- Kenyan
| - Uses droughts and famines as leverage
70
Who is Abu Mus'ab al-Suri?
- Syrian man believed to be the mastermind behind many terror plots, including Madrid train bombing
- Married to Spanish woman
- Light skin
71
What does al-Suri say about terrorism in the "Global Resistance Call?"
- Terrorism does not promote the will of God is evil
- Using violence in the name of God is good and righteous
- It is good to be a terrorist
72
What connects people within "The Call?"
- Common aim
- Common name
- Common doctrine
- Common catechism or education
