Final Flashcards

Question

8 DEPENDENCY CULTURE

Answer 1

CULTURE OF INDIVIDUALS WHO RELY ON GOVERNMENT WELFARE SUBSIDIES RATHER THAN WORKING FOR PAY.

Answer 2

Modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a group or society. Most people sometimes transgress generally accepted rules of behavior. Can be perpetuated by individuals or groups Does not have to cause harm to others to be considered deviance. (cutters)

Answer 3

A mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior. Can be positive (rewards for conformity) or negative (punishment for non-conformity) Can be formal (applied by a specific group or agency) or informal (less organized)

Answer 4

Rules of behavior established by a political authority and backed by state power.

Answer 5

Any actions that contravene the laws established by a political authority.

Answer 6

Definition of crime depends on a society’s culture and social institutions People decide collectively what is or is not deviant and what is or is not criminal Powerful people and groups have greater influence over definition of crime

Answer 7

See crime and deviance resulting from structural tensions and a lack of moral regulation within society Emile Durkheim: Crime and deviance are inevitable and necessary elements of modern society Adaptive functions-new ideas and behaviors can create change in society Merton: Deviance is a by-product of economic inequalities

Answer 8

Delinquent subcultures, such as gangs, replace middle-class values with norms that celebrate nonconformity and deviance because of lack of opportunity within their social system.

Answer 9

Suggests that criminal behavior is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime People are more likely to learn deviance in primary social groups, especially peer groups

Answer 10

Draws from Marxist theory Suggests that deviance is deliberately chosen and often political in nature Reject idea that laws are applied evenly across populations

Answer 11

People are socially controlled by certain types of bonds such as attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. Views crime as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and controls that deter it Criminals are individuals who take advantage of weaknesses in social and physical controls in order to maximize their rewards.

Answer 12

Earns more than $180,000/yr (5%) Broadly composed of the more affluent members of society, especially those who have inherited wealth, own businesses, and hold large numbers of stocks (shares)

Answer 13

Upper Middle Class $100,000-$180,000 Lower Middle Class $38,000-$100,000 Composed broadly of those working in white-collar and lower managerial occupations Occupational prestige, income, and wealth split middle class into upper middle and lower middle classes

Answer 14

Average income $20,000-$38,000/yr Broadly composed of people working in blue-collar or manual labor occupations Globalization/job loss

Answer 15

Composed of people who work part-time or not at all and whose annual household income is typically below $20,000

Answer 16

``` Individuals situated at the bottom of the class system, often composed of people in the highest-poverty neighborhoods of the inner city “New urban poor” ```

Answer 17

A political system that allows the citizens to participate in political decision making or to elect representatives to government bodies

Answer 18

members of a group or community participate collectively in making major decisions

Answer 19

Systems of democracy based on parliamentary institutions, coupled to the free-market system in the area of economic production The United States, Japan, most Western European countries, Australia, and New Zealand

Answer 20

Kings or queens are largely figureheads Real power in the hands of other political leaders (Prime Minister, President) The United Kingdom, Sweden, and Japan

Answer 21

Particular types of states in which governments have sovereign power within defined territorial areas and populations are citizens who know themselves to be part of single nations

Answer 22

The undisputed political rule of a state over a given territorial area “Failed states” like Somalia, Sudan, Iraq, Syria have lost authority and resort to deadly force to retain or regain power

Answer 23

A set of beliefs and symbols expressing membership with a national community Patriotism in the United States

Answer 24

The belief that communities that share a cultural identity should have political autonomy, even within smaller units of a nation-state French-speaking Québec in Canada-Native American nations

Answer 25

the ability to achieve aims or further the interests they hold

Answer 26

a government's legitimate use of power

Answer 27

members of a political community having both rights and duties associated with that membership

Answer 28

civil rights political rights social rights

Answer 29

legal rights held by all citizens in a given national community

Answer 30

of political participation (to vote)

Answer 31

of social and welfare provision (claim unemployment benefits and sickness payments)

Answer 32

large groups of people who seek to accomplish or block a process of social change

Answer 33

occurs when an existing political order is overthrown by means of a mass movement

Answer 34

democratic elitism pluralist theories power elite

Answer 35

a theory of the limits of democracy, which holds that in large-scale societies democratic participation is necessarily limited to the regular election of political.

Answer 36

there are multiple centers of power in a democracy that are balanced out by competing interests vying for influence over government policies

Answer 37

small networks of individuals who hold concentrated power in modern societies -federal government, corporations, and military

Answer 38

an organization of individuals with broadly similar political aims, oriented towards achieving legitimate control of government through an electoral process -2 party systems

Answer 39

The study of populations | Emerged out of nation-states to measure characteristics of their populations

Answer 40

Statistical measure representing the number of births within a given population per year, normally calculated in terms of the number of births per thousand

Answer 41

The average number of children produced by women of childbearing age in a particular society

Answer 42

A measure of the number of children that it is biologically possible for a woman to produce

Answer 43

The number of deaths in a population

Answer 44

The number of infants who die during the first year of life, per thousand live births

Answer 45

How many years the average person will live

Answer 46

The maximum length of life that is biologically possible for a member of a given species

Answer 47

A measurement of population growth calculated by subtracting the yearly number of deaths per thousand from the number of births per thousand

Answer 48

A geometric, rather than linear, rate of progression, producing a fast rise in the numbers of a population experiencing such growth

Answer 49

An interpretation of population change, which holds that a stable ratio of births to deaths is achieved once a certain level of economic prosperity has been reached

Answer 50

when birth and death rates are high and infant mortality is also high. There is little if any population growth because the deaths balance out the births.

Answer 51

population growth because fertility rates are high while death rates fall

Answer 52

period of population stability, which occur with industrialization. Deaths balance out births.

Answer 53

Command posts—centers for direction and policy making—for the global economy Key locations for financial and specialized service firms Sites of production and innovation in those firms Markets in which the products of financial and service industries are bought, sold, or otherwise disposed of

Answer 54

An agglomeration of towns or cities into an unbroken urban environment

Answer 55

The “city of all cities” in ancient Greece and used in modern times to refer to very large conurbations

Answer 56

action undertaken in a relatively spontaneous way by a large number of people assembled together