Final Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
Attentional Bottleneck
A
- Attention acts as a filter, blocking unimportant stimuli and focusing cognitive resources on only the most important events
- protects the brain from being overwhelmed by the world
2
Q
Shadowing tasks
A
-Task where participant is asked to focus attention to one of the two stimuli and repeat the material presented in attended ear
3
Q
Divided attention task
A
- a task in which the Participant is asked to focus attention on two or more stimuli simultaneously
- confirm that attention is a limited resource.
4
Q
Early selection of attention
A
Unattended information is filtered out right away, at the level of initial sensory input.
(I.e. Shadowing experiments)
-before semantic and even basic perceptual analysis
5
Q
Late selection of attention
A
- After semantic analysis has occurred
- important but unattended stimuli may undergo substantial unconscious processing up to level of semantic meaning and awareness before capturing attention (I.e. Hearing your name at a crowded bar)
6
Q
Neural evidence for early selection
A
Larger N1 is observed in ERP for the attended ear of a dichroic listening task (where stimulus is input in both ears)
7
Q
When late selection occurs
A
When perceptual load in attended channel is low, semantic processing In the unattended channel is possible
8
Q
Feature search
A
Basic features like—motion, color and basic form—pop out.
-Can be processed before attention comes on line and before you process meaning of situation
-early attention
9
Q
Conjunction search
A
Search for item based on two or more features (I.e. Size and color)
Requires attention because these different features are processed by different regions in the brain
10
Q
Feature integration theory (FIT)
A
Theory that attention is the “glue” that binds features together so that objects can be perceived as a unit and selected for further processing
11
Q
Illusory conjunctions
A
Mislicatiins of features can occur when spatial attention is impaired
-distracted/ poor visual conditions
12
Q
2 ways to move attention
A
Covertly
Overtly
13
Q
Covertly
A
Without repositioning the sensory organs
-uses Pulvinar (thalamus)
14
Q
Overtly
A
Reposition the sensory organ
-uses superior colliculus (midbrain)
15
Q
2 ways to guide attention
A
Endogenous
Exogenous
16
Q
Endogenous
A
Directed voluntarily by internal goals of perceived
- top down
- symbolic cueing tasks (use arrows/ meaningful symbols to guide attentions)
- slower onset but can be sustained
17
Q
Exogenous
A
Drawn reflexively by information in the environment (involuntary)
- bottom up
- peripheral cueing tasks (use sensory stimulus to grab attention)
- faster onset but diminishes quickly
18
Q
Valid cue (Correct guidance= benefit)
A
Benefits reaction time ONLY if presented Briefly Before the target
19
Q
Inhibition of Return
A
If there is a delay between cue and target, reaction time is slowed compared to invalid cue’s reaction time
20
Q
Invalid cues (Incorrect guidance= cost)
A
Cue is not in the same place as the target
-slower to respond than neutral cue
21
Q
Neural activity
A
Attention boosts neural activity Associated with the features or area of space your attending to
22
Q
Dosal frontoparietal system
A
Endogenous–voluntary control
- cognitive control
- too down
23
Q
Intraparietal sukcus (IPS)
A
Involved in voluntary top-down control of attention
24
Q
Ventral temporoparietal system
A
Novelty detection
-Right side is dominant in attentional orienting
25
Temporoparietal junction (TPJ)
Role in shifting attention to a new location after target onset
26
Asymmetric attention control
Right hemisphere: takes care of both sides
| Left hemisphere: only takes care of right side
27
Hemispatial neglect
Neglect to the side of space opposite of Lesion
| -most commonly follows Right superior parietal damage---neglect left side of space
28
Balint's syndrome
| -bilateral damage to parietal lobe
- difficulty directing attention overtly--eye movements
- optic ataxia (cannot appropriately reach for things)
- simultagnosia
29
Simultagnosia
- restriction of attention
| - can attend to only one object at at time
30
Simultaneous extinction
Find out
31
Executive functions
Carried out by prefrontal cortex
32
Taxonomy of executive functions
Establish and modify rules:
- initiate new rules
- inhibit inappropriate rules
- shift among rules
- relate rules
Contextual Control
-monitor whether rules are working
Working memory
-space for maintaining rules and info needed to execute rules
33
Dorsolateral PFC
Important for dealing with novel or ambiguous COGNITIVE decisions
- develops new, inhibits old and tests rules
- modifies behavior based on feedback
Maintain mental effort toward pursuit of goals even when distracted
34
Damage to dlPFC
-Perseveration---get stuck: unable to inhibit old rules
- no long term goals
- can cause apathy or abulia
35
Dysexecutive syndrome
Collection of deficits associated with dl PFC damage
| -can be tested with Wisconsin card sorting test
36
Apathy
Lack of interest or concern
37
Ventromedial/orbitofrontal
Important for dealing with novel or ambiguous SOCIAL and EMOTIONAL decisions
- evaluate meaning and appropriateness of possible responses in social context
- infer mental states of others
- integrate physiological info (gut feelings) into decision making
38
Damage to vmPFC
- inappropriate affect, aggression, inability to control sexual impulses
- impaired insight into self and others
39
Disinhibition Syndrome
Collection of deficits associated with vmPFC
-cannot judge self conscious emotions like guilt, jealousy, embarrassment
Severest case= sociopathy
40
Sociopathy
Engage in aggressive acts with little remorse and little care for others
41
Confabulation
- damage to vmPFC
- retrieve false information, but go with it and try to create an autobiographical narrative
- "honest lying"
42
Abulia
Lack of ability to act decisively or make decisions
- act slowly and are distracted easily
- difficulty maintaining attention
43
Frontopolar
Portion of lateral PFC important for RELATING rules to create higher order, abstract models of the world (I.e. What if)
- plan of larger goals with Su goals
- complex relational and integrative processes
- holding info seeking goals with long term rewards, not short term
44
Environmental Dependency Syndrome
Damage to anterior (polar) and medial regions
-behaviors initiated by external environment rather than internal goals
- lack insight of causes and consequences of actions
- stuck in here and now, not good at longer abstract goals
45
Imitation
Copy what they see
| -physical, vocal, etc
46
Utilization behavior
Lack of top down influence, so when they see an object, they use it
-relies on external stimuli to trigger behavior
47
Raven's Matrices IQ test
Requires integrating multiple rules
-like sudoku
-3x3 or more complex table with different pictures following different rules
Person is asked to complete last box
48
Tower of London
Requires multiple Su goals
49
Dorsomedial and Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)
Monitor and allocate resources for control of behavior
- detect mismatch between internal top-down expected/ desired outcome and bottom-up external info
- communicates with lateral PFC to indicate how much executive control is needed to keep behavior on track
50
The stroop task
-read words (that spell a color) and are in a specific color
- word and color may be incongruent
- incongruency activates ACC and relates to how much you slow down and adjust (monitoring)
51
Ventral ACC
Emotional
| -More stimulate in ppl with depression
52
Damage to ACC
Does not impair performance on Stroop task
-ACC is correlated (no causation) to task
53
ERN
Error related negativity
(ERP is negative)
- follows mistaken action:
1. Motor mov't that a participant realized is incorrect
2. Feedback indicating action did not result in desired outcome
Amplitude of potential is positively related to engagement of control processes
54
Working memory
- temporarily maintains and manipulates information not currently available to the senses
- necessary for achieving short term behavioral objectives
55
From perception to memory
Encode (take in from senses) --store --- retrieve
- bottom up = transforming experience into memory
- top-down = using past memories to shape experience
56
Models of working memory (WM)
Baddeley's Model
| Cowan's Model
57
Baddeley's Models
Storage of WM is separate from storage of Long term memory (LTM)
Separate buffers for different types of info (i.e. Episodic, visuospatial, etc.)
58
Cowan's Model
No separate WM storage
WM is a spotlight of info in LTM
-central executive can manipulate a small subset of activated representations at a time
59
Manipulation of WM
- dorsolateral anterior PFC
| - compare and group info
60
Maintenance of WM
Initial retrieval of info
Ventral posterior PFC
-left vlPFC: verbal info
-right vlPFC: nonverbal/spatial info
61
Primacy effect
Superior performance seen in a a memory task for tens at the start of a list
-attributed to LTM
62
Recency effect
The superior performance seen in a memory task for items at the end of the list
-attributed to short term memory...aka WM
63
Amnesia disrupts Serial Position Effect
- intact recency effect Bc WM is normal
| - impaired primacy effect Bc amnesia affects transfer of info to LTM, but leaves WM intact
64
Types of Long term Memory
Declarative
| Nondeclarative
65
Declarative
Things you know that you can tell others
- past we can represent using symbolic format (I.e. Language)
- tested with EXPLICIT tests: ask them to think back and remember
- involves some level of CONSCIOUS awareness in process of retrieval
66
Nondeclarative (procedural)
Things you know that you can show by doing (I.e. Riding a bike)
- memory inferred by a change in performance due to previous experience (incremental learning)---->faster and more accurate
- tested with IMPLICIT tests
- does NOT involve CONSCIOUS recollection of the past events that led to the change
67
2 types of declarative
Episodic
| Semantic
68
Episodic memories
Include specific info about the context (time and place) in which info was learned --like encoding episode
-examples: autobiographical memories, personal events
-uses hippocampus and prefrontal
69
Semantic
Memory associated with recalling facts
-example: word meanings, non-personal, general facts and events
-doesn't involve prefrontal
70
Before consolidation
Need hippocampus AND cortical ares
71
Post consolidation
Cortical areas ONLY
72
Process of episode
1. Engage in perceptual processing (v1)
2. Hippocampus/ medial temporal lobe (MTL) bind together the cortical memory traces at encoding and reconstruct the memory at retrieval
3. Using few retrieval cues, hippocampus can reactivate the whole memory trace
73
Memory retrieval
Construct memories from parts we can retrieve
74
false memories
Memories that are partly or wholly inaccurate but are accepted as real by person remembering it
75
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Result of alcoholism--and poor diet
- amnesia and confabulation
- can see some recovery of function
76
3 types of Nondeclarative
Skill/Habit
Conditioning
Priming
77
Skill/Habits
Gradual improvement in performance with practice
Uses: Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum
78
Classical conditioning
Learning associations between events
Uses: cerebellum
79
Priming
Improvement in processing a stimulus as a result of having seen it before
80
2 types of Priming
Perceptual
| Conceptual
81
Perceptual priming
Identification is faster the 2nd time
-requires less mental effort to process 2nd time: decreased occipital temporal cortex
-priming based on visual form of words
Needs: occipitotemporal Cortex
82
Conceptual priming
Word or picture identification is faster when semantically related item was previously shown
-priming based on word meaning
Needs: left lateral temporal PFC
83
Patient HM
Bilateral removal of anterior medial temporal lobe with hippocampus
84
Extensive Anterograde Amnesia
Cannot store NEW declarative information (loss of memories after cause of Amnesia)
-Bc of removal of hippocampus from both sides
85
Retrograde Amnesia
Loss of memories before what caused Amnesia
86
Features of Amnesia (from MTL damage)
1. Impaired encoding to LTM, but no problem with simple WM
2. Impaired retrieval of memories encoded RIGHT before damage, less trouble retrieving memories encoded more "remotely"
3. Impaired declarative memory (explicit) is impaired, but nondeclarative (implicit) is fine
87
Ribot's Law of Retrograde Amnesia
Memories encoded right before damage = more likely to be lost than those encoded much earlier
-suggest that consolidated memories become independent of MTL over time ---only require Cortex
88
WM changes
Rapid changes in electrical activity of the brain in form of Reverberating Circuit (a self exciting loop of neurons)
No structural changes
89
LTM changes
reverberating Circuit remains active long enough---structural changes in those cells will result in Long term strengthening of connections
Yes Structural Changes
90
Reverberating Circuit
PFC sends too down excitation signal to posterior representation
Posterior regions send message back to PFC about how excited they are
91
Cellular Model of Memory
Hebbian Learning
-when axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B AND repeatedly takes part in exciting it to threshold....some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells....such that when cell A fires, response at Neuron B is potentiated
92
Potentiated
Stable and Stronger EPSP response
93
Long term Potentiation (LTP)
A stable and long term increase in the effectiveness of one neuron to stimulate another, following a period of repeated strong stimulation of that neuron by the other
-same amount of input now results in increased response
94
Tetanus
Period of repeated strong stimulation
95
Three principles of LTP
Cooperativity
Associativity
specificity
96
Cooperativity
Weak input + Strong excitatory input -----> potentiation
97
Associtativity
A neuron that is weakly active at the same time as stronger stimulation takes place will also have its synapse strengthened
-link weaker concepts to stronger ones
98
Specificity
A neuron NOT active at the same time as stringer stimulation WILL NOT be affected
99
Stages of LTP
Glutamate and two channels: AMPA and NMDA
100
1.
Release of Glutamate opens AMPA receptor channels to allow influx of Na+ ions to depolarize membrane
More Glu = more deplorization
101
2.
More depolarization causes NMDA to release Mg 2+ blocking the gate
Next time Glu released----> open NMDA channels for Ca 2+ influx
102
3.
Ca 2+ activates 2nd messenger systems that initiate pre and post synaptic changes
103
Two phases of LTP
Early phase
| late Phase
104
Early Phase
WM -----> intermediate LTM
- LTP for minutes/hours/days
- increase post synaptic sensitivity to Glu
- increase pre synaptic chance of Glu release
-remodels existing proteins
NO protein synthesis
105
Late Phase
Intermediate LT----> Permanent LT
- LTP over weeks/months
- NEW protein synthesis
- allows changes to shape neuron
106
Use it or lose it
Lose it = Neural Darwinism
Cells that Fire together, wire together
Cells that don't fire together, DIE
107
Emotion and memory
Amygdala is close to hippocampus. Emotional responses and experiences thus aid memory
108
Dementia
| Type of Alzheimer's
Drastic failure of cognitive ability, including memory failure and loss of orientation
109
Semantic dementia
| Aka Frontotemporal Dementia
Lateral (inferior) temporal lobe
-progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both verbal and nonverbal domains
110
Three models of emotion
Categorical theories
Dimensional theories
Component process theories
111
Categorical theories
Basic vs complex emotions
112
Basic emotions
Innate, pan cultural, evolutionarily old
| -Examples: anger, sadness, happiness, fear, disgust, surprise
113
Complex emotions
Learned, culturally and socially shaped
| -examples: pride, embarrassment, guilt
114
Disgust
Involves insula
115
Fear
Involves amygdala
116
Dimensional theories
Arousal (intensity) vs. valence (pleasantness)
Low pleasantness= negative emotion
High pleasantness = positive emotion
117
Arousal
Involves amygdala when stimulus is presented subliminally
118
Valence
Left lateral PFC = positive emotions---serve more linguistic and social functions
Right lateral PFC = negative emotions ---- tend to be more reactive and survival related
119
Component process theories
Organize emotion by type of cognitive and aage rice processes they invoke
120
Amygdala
Particularly involved in fear
-activated by stimuli inducing fear when presented Supraliminally (when you are aware of it)
Responds more broadly to + or - arousing stimuli when stimuli are presented quickly (subliminally)
121
Low road
Quick and dirty
Quick: direct route for sensory information to thalamus ---> amygdala
Dirty: provides only outline of sensory info-low resolution
122
High road
Slow and sure
Slow: goes to thalamus, then through primary sensory Cortex and beyond before reaching amygdala
Sure: all fine detailed conscious identification of sensory info
123
Low road input
Olfactory info = direct to amygdala
Amygdala receives direct info about internal states from hippocampus, brainstem, ACC and orbital Cortex
124
Low road feedback
Can feedback to the high road to enhance processing
- vigilance: primes high route to pay attention
- emotion depends modulation of visual processing
125
Modern view of amygdala
Arousal detector
- helps orient attentional resources towards relevant stimuli
- important in cases of uncertainty -- allocate attention in order to resolve uncertainty
126
Fear conditioning
Pair an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to change the UCR to the UCS into a conditioned response (which in this case is fear)
-CS = something naturally initiating fear
127
Areas involved in fear conditioning
Double dissociation:
-amygdala IS necessary for fear conditioning (not declarative memory)
-hippocampus IS NOT necessary for basic fear conditioning (But is for declarative memory)
128
Contextual fear conditioning
When fear is associated with specific places or circumstances in addition to specific cues
-involves hippocampus too!
129
Extinction
Present the conditioned stimulus without the UCS and the CR fear will stop
130
Brain area involved in Extinction
Involves vmPFC
- inhibits the amygdala
- role in reversal learning
131
Emotional preservation
- Due to failure to extinguish fear response Bc cannot let stimuli go
- can cause PTSD and Phobias
Decrease vmPFC ---> increase amygdala activity
132
Memory modulation stimulus
Amygdala enhances consolidation of emotionally arousing declarative memories
- Bc amygdala has direct output to MTL--so activity in amygdala and hippocampus are coupled during encoding
- release of STRESS hormones enhance influence of amygdala on hippocampus---max impact after coding
133
Yerkes-Dodson curve
Inverted U
- fear/dress and memory
- memory performance is max when fear/stress based arousal is not too little or too much
134
Emotion regulation
Conscious and unconscious attempts to influence the intensity, duration and quality of emotional experience
135
3 methods of emotion regulation
Antecedent
Reactive
Mindfulness
136
Antecedent
Generate new, adaptive responses IN ANTICIPATION OF emotion elicitors
137
2 antecedent types
Situation selection
| Cognitive reappraisal
138
Situation selection
Avoiding emotional encounters altogether
139
Cognitive reappraisal
Interpret the meaning of an elicitor in order to alter its emotional impact
140
Reactive
Modify existing thoughts and reactions AFTER they unfold
-expressive suppression
141
Expressive suppression
- not show how you are feeling
| - mask facial expression
142
Mindfulness
Acceptance and nonjudgmental appraisal of experience to "let it go" and not perserverate
143
Top down regulation of emotion
Up regulating --emphasizes the emotion
Down regulating --suppress emotion (decrease response to it)
144
Up regulation brain activity
Increased activity in right amygdala and Medial orbitofrontal Cortex (MOFC)
145
Reappraisal
Decreased: amygdala and MOFC activity
Increased: lateral PFC and fro to parietal attention network
- dlPFC involved in cognitive control of emotions
146
Perceiving self
Self reflexive thought
Interception
Embodiment
147
Self reflexive thought
Self centered:
- You are an object
- separate from others
- subject to objective consideration
* evaluate your strength compared to personal goals, other ppl, social norms
148
Brain areas for default mode
Involves MEdial areas
- medial PFC
- posterior ACC
- medial parietal
-external info (thinking of others) inhibits activity in this region
149
Default mode
When nothing in external world grabs our attention, we DEFAULT to thinking about ourselves
150
Interoception
- internal perception
| - self awareness of internal bodily sensations like pain, disgust, heart rate
151
Region involved in interoception
Insula
Rostral ACC
Orbitofrontal Cortex
152
Insula
(Inside the Sullivan fissure)
-able to recognize signals in themselves and others Bc of insula
153
Rostral ACC
Involvement in pain
| Emotional attention and awareness
154
Orbitofrontal Cortex
Integrate physiological info (gut feelings) into decision making
155
Embodiment
The sense of being localized within one's own body
156
Region involved in Embodiment
Temporoparietal junction (TPJ)
157
TPJ
- important for understanding where you are in space
- stimulation can cause "out of body" experiences
- also affected In hemispatial neglect
158
Perceiving others
Social referencing
Joint attention
Social categorization
159
Social referencing
Interpreting the facial, vocal, and body expressions of others to determine how to act in novel or ambiguous situation
160
Joint attention
Use gaze direction and head/body position to figure out what someone is looking at
-important to learn info
162
Joint attention brain area
Superior temporal Sulcus (STS)
163
STS
Changeable aspects of faces
-eye gaze, expression, lip mov't,
biological motion = posterior STS
-more active when actions violate expectations---more attention when given mixed signals
164
Social categorization
Perception of identifying features in order to form impressions and place people into social categories
- automatic
- controlled
165
Automatic
Fast and implicit
- useful to rapidly identify friends vs foe
- implicit outgroup stereotyping can cause social injustice
166
Controlled
Slower and explicit
- used to regulate and suppress automatic reactions
- cognitive reappraisal
167
Reappraisal of automatic stereotypes
amygdala not related to EXPLICIT measure of bias
-less stereotyping when think of ppl vs group stereotypes
view face for longer
- increase dl, vl PFC and dorsal ACC activity
- decrease amygdala
168
Theory of mind (ToM)
Ability to represent and infer mental states (desires, beliefs, and intentions) of others (even when different from yours)
169
ToM involves
Attributions and reasoning about own mental states
AND about other's mental states
-understand and predict behavior of others
Even when others may have False Beliefs (and misunderstand a situation)
-allows you to project intentions different from your own internal beliefs to manipulate others behaviors ---Deception
170
Classic ToM test
False beliefs (sally basket and Anne box) test about where marble is
Autistic kids fail test
171
ToM brain areas
Temporal pole
TPJ and STS
Paracingulate Cortex
172
Temporal pole
Language, semantic memory and social meaning
173
TPJ And STS
Embodiment,
biological motion,
detecting direction of eye gaze in others,
facial expressions
174
Paracingulate Cortex
Ventral regions involved in attention to emotions
Not the same region involved in stroop task
175
Empathy
- emotional
- faster and more automatic when making inferences about SIMILAR others
Activates vmPFC
176
Sympathy
- cognitive
- slower and more intentional when thinking about dissimilar others
Activates dmPFC
177
Expected value
Probability of an outcome x associated reward
178
Expected utility
Psychological value assigned to an outcome.
179
Diminishing marginal utility
Utility difference between 0 to 1000 is larger than difference between 100,000 and 101,000
180
Reference dependence
Subjective vs objective value
- ppl make decisions based on current state
- slope is steeper for losses (more salient)
181
Probability weighting
- Overestimate low probability events
| - underestimate high probability events
182
Rationality
Consistency in decision making that results in the best value regardless of context
183
Bounded rationality
Rational decisions bounded by our limited mental and physical resources
184
Heuristics
Rules that simplify complex decisions
185
Satisficing
It's "good enough"
186
Iowa gambling task
Four decks
- A and B = high return and high loss
- C and D = low return and low loss
187
Gambling task and brain activity
Normal: avoid bad decks over time
- show increase SCR (sweating)
- increase arousal in thinking of bad deck
VmPFC patients--keep choosing bad deck
-steady SCR....no change when choosing bad deck....lack of arousal
188
Somatic Marker Decision
Feelings have a direct and causal role in decision making
| -vmPFC needed to allow you to use activity of ANS (gut response) to guide decisions
189
Alternative explanations
Poor performance of vmPFC patients = failure of reversal learning
-important for extinction of conditioned behavior
190
Ultimatum Game
Proposer
-propose a division of funds
Responder
-decide if you will accept this division
Accept = both get money
Reject = both get nothing
191
Thoughts of game
Responder:
| -conflict between what is offered and what you would have liked as an offer
192
Ultimatum game Brain area
Insula
| dlPFC
193
Insula
More active for unfair offers
-predicts likelihood of REJECTION
Less insula activity when unfair offer is offered by computer Bc it's not deemed intentional
194
DlPFC
More active than insula when willing to accept unfair offer
- cognitive reappraisal
- self control
195
Reward processing brain area
Mesocorticolimbic reward system
| -uses dopamine
196
Wanting vs liking
Neurons are more responsive to ANTICIPATION of reward than the reward itself
Anticipation = wanting
197
Negative Reward prediction errors
Outcome is worse than expected
Dopamine signals the ABSENCE of reward by INHIBITING their firing
198
Temporal discounting
Now is better than later
| -value is discounted the longer you wait
199
Subjective value of reward
Activity in mesocorticolimbic reward pathway
200
Delay of gratification
Increase Activity in dlPFC and parietal Cortex increase likelihood of delay reward
201
Inferior occipital gyrus and fusiform gyrus
Face identification-- non changeable
