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Comm St 11 > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following is not one of the rules one should follow when creating a preparation outline?
A. Speech should not be written like an essay
B. There should only be one sentence per symbol
C. There is no need to include proper citation
D. Each symbol in the outline should be followed by a full sentence

A

C, Outlines need proper citation

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2
Q

T/F: Citing a startling statistic is not a good way to gain the audience’s attention because you should save all statistics for the body paragraphs.

A

False, statistics are great attention getters

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3
Q

The very last thing you should do when concluding your speech is

A

make a statement that’ll grab audience attention

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4
Q

What is the difference between preparation outlines vs speaking outlines?

A

Prep has full sentences whereas a speaking outline doesn’t have full sentences, only includes necessary information

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5
Q

Define a thesis statement

A

A carefully worded one sentence encapsulation of exactly what you will cover in your speech

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6
Q

List 3 parts of a transition between main points

A

Internal summary, signposts, and internal previews

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7
Q

Clincher

A

final statement of speech

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8
Q

Three key tenets to outlining:

A

Subordination (hierarchies), coordination (same significance on each level), and division (if a point is divided into subpoints there must be 2 or more subpoints)

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9
Q

3 Communication models

A

linear, interactive, and transactional

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10
Q

linear model of communication

A

theory that views communication as a one-way process in which a source conveys an encoded message to a receiver, who then decodes that message. includes the sender who encodes, the receiver who decodes, the message, and noise.

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11
Q

interactive model of communication

A

theory that views communication as a two-way process that includes feedback and environment. in addition to the components of the linear mode, it includes feedback, context, and the channel

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12
Q

Transactional model of communication

A

Theory that views communication as a constant process in which all parties simultaneously play the role of sender and receiver. in addition to the components of the interactive mode, it includes environment and excludes feedback, bc in this model, both participants are sending the messages

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13
Q

source

A

the person responsible for inventing the idea on which they intend to speak

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14
Q

encoding

A

when a speaker takes an abstract notion and gives it meaning

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15
Q

message

A

the content or idea that the source conveys to the audience

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16
Q

channel

A

the medium through which an encoded message is transmitted from source to receiver

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17
Q

receiver

A

the person or audience that a message is being transmitted to

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18
Q

decoding

A

when the receiver the draws meaning from the symbols that were used to encode a message

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19
Q

noise

A

anything that can interfere with the reception of a message. internal/external, physical/psychological

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20
Q

feedback

A

the receiver’s response to a message. this is present in the interactive model of communication, but not present in the linear model (bc that one is basic) or in transactional (bc rather than having a sender/receiver, participants are both sender/receiver and cyclically send message to one another)

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21
Q

environment

A

the context in which the communication process takes place. this is present in the transactional model of comm

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22
Q

physical effects of communication apprehension

A

rise in blood pressure, shortness of breath, galvanic skin tightening, and sweat

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23
Q

plagiarism

A

taking the intellectual achievements of another person and presenting them as your own

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24
Q

global plagiarism

A

taking an entire piece of work and presenting it as your own

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25
incremental plagiarism
using parts of someone else's work and not citing it as a source
26
patchwork plagiarism
taking ideas from more than one piece of work and putting them together in a new piece of work, then presenting that as original work without giving credit to the original sources
27
patchworking
taking original source material and changing a few words but not enough to consider it a paraphrase, all the while not citing original source material
28
hearing
the physiological process of capturing sound conducted by ears to the brain
29
listening
the process of receiving and interpreting spoken and/or nonverbal messages
30
culture
the collective programming of the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from another
31
co-culture
a variety of smaller specific cultures that intersect in our lives
32
low-context cultures
culture where meaning is derived mostly from the language used in interaction, not so much from nonverbal
33
high-context cultures
culture where meaning is derived from nonverbal expressions, environment, and situation, with less emphasis on actual words
34
race
a set of physical characteristics shared by a group of people, such as skin color, body type, facial structure, and hair color (white, asian, black, etc)
35
ethnicity
a group of people who identify w each other based on a common experience, which may include geographic or national origin, ancestry, history, etc. (culture, ex latino)
36
general purpose statement
brief statement representing what you aim to do with the speech
37
specific purpose statement
a narrower version of the general purpose statement that identifies what you will talk about and what you hope the audience will take away from the speech
38
boolean operator
using words such as "and", "but," and "or" when searching terms
39
demographics
categories of definable characteristics of groups of people, such as age, race, religion, socioeconomic status, education level, and sexual orientation
40
three different types of supporting materials for a speech
examples, statistics, and testimonies
41
3 components of a speaking environment
physical location, speaking tools, and speaker themself
42
artistic proofs
constructed by the speaker for the occasion, includes ethos, pathos, and logos
43
ethos
credibility of a speaker
44
pathos
the emotional dimensions of the appeal
45
logos
the logical organization of an appeal
46
inartistic proofs
all evidence, data, and documents that exist outside of the speaker and the audience but still aid in persuasion
47
VOIP
Voice Over Internet Protocol, allows for voice and images to be sent live over the web to another person. (ex skype)
48
deductive reasoning
an argument that reasons from known premises to an inevitable conclusion. general -> specific
49
categorical syllogism
the argument is based on the membership of a group | EX: Major premise- all men are mortal. Minor premise- Socrates is a man. Conclusion- Socrates is mortal
50
Disjunctive syllogism
the major premise includes two or more mutually exclusive alternatives. EX: Major premise- this key will unlock either my house or my car. Minor premise- the key does not unlock my house. Conclusion- Therefore, this key unlocks my car
51
conditional syllogism
a syllogism in which the major premise contains a hypothetical condition and its outcome. EX: Major premise- If I take the bus home, then i will save money on transportation. Minor premise- I will take the bus home. Conclusion- Therefore, I will save money on transportation
52
inductive reasoning
``` an argument that comes to a probable, instead of an absolute, conclusion. EX: 75% of students support a fee -> class with 20 students -> 15 support, 5 don't ```
53
forms of reasoning
cause, example, analogy, and sign
54
reasoning by cause
arguments that claim one event or factor produces an effect
55
necessary cause
arguments in which a cause must be present for an effect to happen EX: It must be lower than 32F for water to freeze
56
sufficient cause
a cause that can produce the effect in question | EX: Decapitation is sufficient to produce death but is not necessary for death to occur
57
reasoning by example
``` process of inferring general conclusions and making general claims from specific cases EX: biology class was hard, chemistry class was hard, astronomy class was hard, therefore science classes are hard for me ```
58
reasoning by analogy
comparing two similar cases in order to argue that what is true in one case is also true in another
59
literal analogies
when the two cases being compared are classified the same way EX: Arguing a crime prevention tactic effectively used at one school should be adopted at your school bc the student pop and environment are similar
60
figurative analogies
when the two cases being compared are from completely different occasions EX: a businessperson would make a good elected official
61
reasoning by sign
occurs when the presence of one thing indicates the presence of another. EX: if you see smoke in the air, there's a fire
62
reasoning fallacies
1. ad hominem 2. ad verecundiam 3. slippery slope 4. non sequitur 5. straw man 6. hasty generalization 7. either-or 8. false cause 9. red herring 10. begging the question
63
inform
make the audience aware of a phenomenon
64
explain
deepen the audience's understanding of that phenomenon
65
types of informative speeches
speeches about objects, processes, events, and concepts
66
organizational patterns for informative speeches
chronological, cause-effect, problem-solution, spatial, topical
67
elucidating explanation
distinguishes the essential characteristics that are always present from the associated characteristics that are only sometimes present in the examples of the term you're defining
68
quasi-scientific explanation
helps audience get an overall picture of the phenomenon and see relationships among the parts. includes (1) a graphic and (2) verbal organizational cues that indicate relationships among the parts of the phenomenon
69
transformative explanations
help the audience transform their everyday ideas about how something works into a more scientifically accurate understanding of the phenomenon. includes (1) acknowledgement of lay theory, (2) acknowledgement of why lay theory is plausible, (3) explain why lay theory is incorrect, (4) explain the real theory
70
stages in the persuasive process
1. issue awareness 2. comprehension 3. acceptance 4. integration
71
types of credibility
initial, derived, and terminal
72
types of persuasive speeches
question of fact, question of value, question of policy, and refutation
73
Monroe's motivated sequence
1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Call to action
74
how to adapt to a favorable audience
increase volume and tone of voice to mirror enthusiasm
75
how to adapt to a neutral audience
elaborate on issue and connect it to your audience's lives
76
how to adapt to a hostile audience
establish common ground, be engaging, enthusiastic, and relaxed
77
commemorative speech
celebrates a person, event, object, or idea. has more colorful language, more emotional, less rigid organization
78
types of commemorative speeches
eulogy, toast, presenting/receiving award, graduation
79
4 characteristics of language
arbitrary (words have no real connection to what they represent), ambiguous (imprecise), abstract (not concrete/tangible), hierarchical (structured)
80
4 modes of speech delivery
memorized, manuscript, impromptu, extemporaneous
81
components of verbal delivery
1. pronunciation 2. articulation 3. volume 4. pitch 5. rhythm 6. rate 7. tone 8. vocalized pauses
82
components of physical delivery
1. apparel 2. posture 3. facial expressions 4. eye contact 5. gestures
83
functions of physical delivery
1. repeating 2. accenting 3. complementing 4. substituting 5. regulating
84
repeating (gesture)
when physical actions restate verbal messages. | EX: call audience member by name, THEN point
85
accenting (gesture)
emphasizes message content through accent. | EX: pound on lectern as you make strong statements
86
complementing (gesture)
when the gesture mirrors what you say. | EX: smiling when amused, shrugging when saying idk
87
substituting (gesture)
physical actions that take the place of verbal messages | EX: wave instead of saying hello
88
regulating (gesture)
controls flow of communication, indicate when other people should respond. EX: indicate space for response by leaning back in chair and raising eyebrows, indicate you want to talk by raising your hand
89
stages of practice
organization, feedback, refining
90
group presentation formats
bookend group presentation and panel group presentation
91
bookend group presentation
group presentation in which the first speaker is also the last speaker, providing both the intro and conclusion
92
panel group presentation
group presentation in which individual speakers present their ideas on a single topic or subset. individual performances, agree/disagree, audience participation, moderated
93
group roles
maintenance and task
94
task roles
parts people play that move a group toward a goal and are performed by all members at one time or another. EX: note taker, compiler, logistics coordinator, meeting facilitator
95
maintenance roles
involves maintaining a positive and loose environment with well functioning relationships between group members so group can complete its tasks. EX: joking, attending events together
96
3 main leadership styles
democratic, laissez-faire, authoritative
97
democratic leadership
solicits input from members and makes decisions through collaboration
98
laissez-faire leadership
hands-off, gives group a task
99
authoritative leadership
gives group a task and expects it to be done, provides direction.
100
coercive leadership
tells other what to do and expects it to be done. stifles creativity and participation
101
affiliative leadership
leader is flexible, encouraging, focuses on building relationships and trust
102
pacesetting leadership
sets high standards for expectations and sets an example by achieving those high standards
103
coaching leadership
focuses on helping individual team members grow through training and feedback
104
speaking tools
device that assists speakers, such as microphone, podium, lectern, or lighting
105
4 listening purposes
appreciation, comprehension, support, critical
106
2 ways to listen
active and passive
107
4 parts of oral citation
1. publication or type of source 2. date 3. author name 4. credentials
108
types of examples
real/hypothetical and brief/extended
109
communication apprehension
an individuals level of fear/anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another person(s)
110
components of speech intro
1. attention getter 2. background 3. relevance 4. credibility 5. thesis 6. preview main points
111
ethics
involve morals and the specific moral choices to be made
112
organizational patterns for persuasive speeches
problem-solution, problem-cause-solution, 3 points
113
self fulfilling prophecy
convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does, thus leading to the occurrence of what you originally predicted
114
how do you combat communication apprehension?
1. practice 2. employ relaxation techniques (mindfulness and awareness) 3. visualize success 4. dialogue w audience 5. systematic desensitization 6. send your self critic on break. believe in your abilities
115
components of speech conclusion
1. conclusion 2. restate thesis 3. review main points 4. memorable closer
116
reasons you might not to memorize your speech
1. may sound awkward or robotic 2. you might forget it 3. no room to adapt
117
powerpoint guidelines
1. white background w dark lettering maintains its intensity better than a black background w white lettering 2. avoid serif, small, or script fonts such as times new roman. opt for sans serif 3. include url in notes section 4. send 1 big message per slide 5. include blank slides when you're not directly incorporating a slide 6. limit bullet points 4 lines w no more than 5 words per line
118
ladder of abstraction
describes the way that humans think and communicate in varying degrees of abstraction. bottom represents concrete things, top represents abstract things, middle represents in between. speaking at one level of abstraction is ineffective and results in unbalanced argument. Example ladder: bottom is "PBJ sandwich," middle is "sandwich," top is "nutrition"

Comm St 11 (1 decks)

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