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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Why should SLP’s learn about speech science?

A
  • Reduce regional accent
  • keeping up to date with the latest technology
  • Helps objectively document client progress
  • this helps us to see if there is an impairment compared to the norms.
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2
Q

Stages for Expiration for speech

A
  1. Muscles of inspiration are still active to act as a breaking force preventing air from going out
  2. Elastic recoil forces take place
  3. Muscles of expiration become active to push air out.
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3
Q

How do we increase the Fundamental Frequency of our voice?

A
  1. Increase subglottic air pressure

2. Tense the vocal folds

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4
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Maximum volume of air you can exhale after you inhaled as deeply as possible

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5
Q

What are the factors that affect the vital capacity?

A
  • age
  • gender
  • height***
  • smoker or non
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6
Q

What are the average fundamental frequency for men, women, and children?

A 
Men= 100 
Women= 200 
Child= 300
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7
Q

What are harmonics?

A

Multiples of the fundamental frequently

Ex- Man’s fo is 120 Hz what is his 2nd harmonic going to be? 240 Hz
If his 3rd harmonic is 300 Hz what is his Fo? 100 Hz

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8
Q

What are the components of the Myoelastic aerodynamic theory?

A
  • Muscular (intrinsic muscles of the larynx)
  • Elasticity- helps VF come back together
  • Brunilii force- pulls VF together
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9
Q

What does Voice onset time measure?

A

Duration of stop constants (temporal measure)

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10
Q

Define VOT

A

Starts at the release of the burst and ends at vocal fold vibration

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11
Q

Voices stops like b,d,g will have VOT of greater than or less than 30 msec?

A

Less than 30 msec

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12
Q

Why are voiced stopped constants characterized by a low VOT?

A

When we start voicing soon it gives the listener the perception that’s a voiced constant.

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13
Q

Phonetic Transcription

A
  • the study of individual speech sounds
  • shown in BRACKETS []
  • done off of an actual spoken utterance
  • Diacritics
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14
Q

Phonemic Transcription

A
  • shown ins SLASHES //

- the ideal of what is said

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15
Q

What type of frequencies are formant frequencies?

A

Resonant

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16
Q

Which formant frequencies are the most important?

A

F1 and F2

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17
Q

F1 and F2 are associated with which resonating cavities?

A 
F1= Pharyngeal 
F2= Oral
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18
Q

What happens when the Oral cavity decreases?

A

The resonant frequency will get higher

The smaller the resonating cavity the higher the resonant frequency

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19
Q

What is Coarticulation?

A

The features of the individual speech sounds influence each other when combined into words.

Anticipatory- right to left
Carryover- left to right

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20
Q

What acoustic features changes in prosody?

A
  • Duration
  • Amplitude
  • Fundamental frequency
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21
Q

What is the Functional load hypothesis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Left hemisphere- Linguistic prosody (language)
Propositional speech

Right hemisphere- Emotional prosody
Non-propositional

22
Q

What is a Spectogram?

Study These Flashcards
A

Measures frequency over time

23
Q

What does the Spectogram show us?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Formant frequencies

- changes when vocal tract changes

24
Q

On which Spectogram is it easier to view formant frequencies?

25
What can you see on a narrow band?
Harmonics
26
What are the characteristics of Wernicke's Aphasia?
- Damage to the LEFT hemisphere poster temporal parietal part - Hyper fluent - Not aware of errors - Often blame the listener
27
What are the characteristics of Broca's Aphasia?
- Non fluent - Telegraphic speech (lots of nouns and verbs) - Drop function words
28
A patient is showing problems with cognitive deficit such as memory, paying attention, solving problems... where is the damage located?
Right hemisphere
29
How is a human in born vocal tract different from human adults?
- More obtuse angle - Larynx is situated higher up - The epiglottis is a lot closer to the velum
30
Define the principle of under extension
When a child doesn't label items in a category Ex- a child calls the family dog a dog but when seen a dog outside they don't call it a dog
31
What are the 5 stages of child speech development?
1. Pre-lingual (0-6) 2. Babbling (6-12) 3. One word/ holophrastic (1-2 yrs) 4. 2 word (2 yrs) 5. Telegraphic
32
What is the difference between apraxia and dysarthria?
Apraxia- NOT a muscle weakness, problem with coordination Dysarthria- muscle weakness, slurred speech, monotone
33
Concussion
- Most common TBI - Unlikely to show up on a test - Temporary brain dysfunction
34
Contusion
- A bruise in the brain tissue | - Loss of oxygen flow to the area of the brain that has trauma
35
Contracoup
-Contusions that occur on both the side of direct impact and opposite side of the brain.
36
Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)
-Widespread damage to the nerve tissue of the brain.
37
Penetration
- Occurs when objects penetrates the skull | - Firearms most common cause of death by TBI
38
Conduction Aphasia
- Rare - Hallmark characteristic: they cannot repeat - Damage to arcuate fasciculus- association fibers that run from Wernickes to Brocas
39
Foreign Accent Syndrome
Suffers from a stoke or brain injury and they wake up with an accent they never had. - unlearned accent - speech is intact - does not abide by the phonological rules - called "suto" accent
40
What impact can Otitis Media have on children?
- Delayed speech production | - Delayed acquisition of phonological rules
41
At what turning point would the middle ear have permanent damage?
3 months
42
Which computer system can you use with games?
IBM speech view and visipitch
43
Which swallow studies do SLPs perform?
- Modified Barrium study | - FEES Exam- flexible endoscope goes in nose
44
What is the most widely used speech analysis system in the US universities?
Kay Elemetrics CSL
45
IBM Speech Viewer
- video game speech exercises - more clinical than research tool - cannot measure VOT or formant frequencies
46
2 reasons for greater prevalence of acoustic speech research
1. Hardware: cheaper, more powerful, smaller computers | 2. Software: user friendly
47
Praat
- free - measures hitter and shimmer - pitch and formant analysis - clinical or research
48
Why does our speech have to be digitized?
Our speech is an analog signal
49
What is the sampling rate that children need?
20,000 Hz sample to capture frequencies up to 10,000
50
What are the two important mathematical algorithms and speech research?
- Fourier Analysis- harmonics and amplitude | - Linear predictive coding (LPC)- formant frequency values

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