Final

Question 1

___________ plays a fundamental role weaving the tapestry of culture in all societies.

Answer 1

Kinship

Question 2

The most effective strategy humans have developed to form stable, reliable, separate and deeply connected groups that can last over time and through generations is __________.

Answer 2

Kinship

Question 3

Kinship creates a system of both ________ and _______.

Answer 3

lineage & stability

Question 4

Kinship is defined as:

Answer 4

the system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities.

Question 5

Kinship is a network of relatives within which individuals possess certain ______________________.

Answer 5

mutual rights and obligations

Question 6

What were the “Jim Crow” laws?

Answer 6

Laws implemented after the US Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery.

Question 7

Give some examples of the “Jim Crow” laws.

Answer 7

White only swimming pools, restaurants, schools, beaches

Question 8

What is hypodescent?

Answer 8

“One drop rule”. If a child has any non-white “lesser” blood then that child is considered of the “lesser” race and NOT white.

Question 9

What rule assigns the children of racially mixed unions to the subordinate group?

1. miscegenation
2. hypodescent
3. racialization

Answer 9

2. hypodescent

Question 10

What is the idea that government policies should favor people born in the United States over immigrants such as Mexicans or Canadians?

Answer 10

Nativism

Question 11

People who believe that civic policies should favor native-born people over immigrants illustrates the concept of

1. eugenics
2. nationalism
3. nativism

Answer 11

3. Nativism

Question 12

Races are _______ categories not biological categories.

Answer 12

Social

Question 13

All humans share approximately ______% identical DNA.

Answer 13

99.9%

Question 14

What is eugenics?

Answer 14

“Social Darwinism”

An attempt to scientifically prove the existence of separate human races to improve the population genetics by favoring one race over another.

Question 15

What are 2 types of racism?

Answer 15

1. Individual racism
2. Institutional racism

Question 16

What is individual racism?

Answer 16

Individual people holding prejudices against socially perceived races. Can be intentional or unintentionally / active or passive.

ex: locking car doors in a bad neighborhood

not renting to a particular race due to past experience with that race

Question 17

A person who believes that Italians are somehow inferior and therefore refuses to give an Italian person a job is demonstrating ______.

1. racist ideology
2. white supremacy
3. individual racism
4. nativism

Answer 17

3. individual racism

Question 18

Type of racism that is patterned by racial inequality and is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems.

Answer 18

Institutional Racism

aka structural racism

can happen in the education, health, employment and legal systems.

ex: whites do not get “profiled” as often as other races

Question 19

Jim Crows laws, expropriation of indigenous lands, and immigration restrictions are examples of __________ racism.

Answer 19

Institutional

Question 20

What is Peggy McIntosh study?

Answer 20

Institutional racism

Found whites benefit from an institutional history of racism whether they themselves are racist or not:

1. better access to economic and educational benefits
2. Fewer incidents of profiling
3. less scrutiny for loans and financial transactions

Question 21

What is the main force that encourages nativism?

Answer 21

Threating periods such as economic depressions or rising external threats.

ex: 9/11 and midNextdle east

Question 22

What are some forces that work for nativism?

Answer 22

1. need for cheap labor
2. the nation’s conviction of its ability to assimilate all peoples
3. cosmopolitanism

Question 23

Define racialization.

Answer 23

The process of categorizing differentiating, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people.

ex: people of Middle East have been considered “white” until Next9/11 now they are considered different or foreign.

Question 24

Racial ____ is a set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to reasonable rational, and normal.

Answer 24

ideology

Question 25

An analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification.

Answer 25

intersectionality

Question 26

What is race?

Answer 26

A flawed system of classification with **no biological basis**, that **uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population** into supposedly discrete groups.

Question 27

Individual thought and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, privilege, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups.

Answer 27

Racism

Question 28

A _______ is an inherited genetic factor that **provides the framework for an organism's physical form**.

Answer 28

**genotype**

Question 29

A ________ is the way genes are **expressed in an organism's physical form** as a result of genotype interaction with environmental factors such as nutrition, disease, and stress.

Answer 29

**Phenotype**

Question 30

Define miscegenation.

Answer 30

A demeaning historical term for interracial marriage.

Question 31

What is ethnicity?

Answer 31

A sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group.

Question 32

A story told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a sense of common identity.

Answer 32

Origin Myth

Question 33

According to the Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl metaphor **_Melting Pot_** suggests:

Answer 33

that as each new ethnicity melts into the whole, it adds something new to the whole but that the whole is most important some immigrants think of the melting pot as **forced assimilation**

Question 34

According to the Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl metaphor **_Salad Bowl_** suggests:

Answer 34

each ethnic group may maintain its distinctiveness within the whole, but together these ethnicities make a great combination. Emphasizes a multicultural attitude

Question 35

Anthropologists support the idea that ________ leads to a healthy culture.

Answer 35

diversity

Question 36

What is an **ethnic boundary marker**?

Answer 36

A practice or belief, such as food, clothing, language, shared name, or religion, used to signify who is in a group and who is not.

Question 37

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group.

Answer 37

genocide

Question 38

What is **an individual's self-identification with a particular group** that can shift according to social location?

Answer 38

situational negotiation of identity

Question 39

Define ethnic cleansing.

Answer 39

Efforts by representatives of one ethnic or religious group to remove or destroy another group in a particular geographic area.

Question 40

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the process through which minorities accept the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups.

Answer 40

assimilation

Question 41

What is multiculturalism?

Answer 41

a pattern of ethnic relations in which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture and yet retain an ethnic culture. Both cultures can be present at the same time

Question 42

Define **state**.

Answer 42

An autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory.

Question 43

A term once used to describe a group of people who shared a place of origin; now used interchangeably with the nation-state.

Answer 43

nation

Question 44

The desire of an ethnic community to create and/or maintain a nation/state.

Answer 44

nationalism

Question 45

A political entity, located within a geographic territory with enforced borders, where the population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny as a people.

Answer 45

nation-state

Question 46

The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlie identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never all meet.

Answer 46

imagined community

Question 47

The concept of nationality is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 47

flexible; there is a choice involved

Question 48

What is the impact of globalization on national identities?

Answer 48

increasing levels of immigration are reshaping the demography and the economy of various societies, often **_bringing national identities into question._** Creates diasporas Tourism

Question 49

What is the **difference** between **ethnicity and nation**?

Answer 49

**nation** is now considered a country. **ethnicity** is a group of people who share an idea of cultural and ancestral connection

Question 50

What is the relationship between ethnicity and nation?

Answer 50

nations include people of many ethnicities but the nations themselves forward an image of unity and uniformity

Question 51

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ may identify by ethnicity or a former nationality.

Answer 51

diasporas

Question 52

What does ethnicity mean to anthropologists?

Answer 52

A sense of historical, cultural and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group. Can also be imagined as "a more expansive version of kinship"

Question 53

Anthropologist specifically view ethnicity as a __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 53

Cultural construction

Question 54

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is not biological; it is not physically inherited from one's parents. This is the most important way in which the concept of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_differs from the concept of race.

Answer 54

Ethnicity

Question 55

Is ethnicity inherited or taught?

Answer 55

Taught

Question 56

What happened in Rwanda with the Hutu and Tutsi?

Answer 56

Ethnocide of the Tutsi Belgian colonial rulers gave the Tutsi a privileged position in the nation and denied the Hutu.

Question 57

When ethnic minorities abandon their separate identity and adopt the culture and norms of the dominant group is 1. nationalization 2. integration 3. absorption 4. assimilation

Answer 57

assimilation

Question 58

The documentation and description of the **local use of natural substances in healing remedies and practices.**

Answer 58

ethnopharmacology

Question 59

Define ethnomedicine

Answer 59

Comparative study of local systems of health and healing rooted in culturally specific norms and values. It includes the ways in which local cultures create unique strategies for identifying strategies for identifying and treating diseases. Mainly focuses on non-Western health systems.

Question 60

Who are the "amchi"?

Answer 60

Tibetan healers, living primarily in remote areas in the Himalayas. approxiamatly 200 of them. Use healing practices that are deeply rooted in Tibetan Buddhism.

Question 61

Amchi medicine is based on achieving the bodily and spiritual balance between the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 61

individual and the surrounding universe.

Question 62

What is the **difference** between **ethnomedicine** and **ethnopharmacology**?

Answer 62

ethnomedicine deals with the **system of healthcare** and ethnopharmacology are the physical "pills" (**natural substances) and practices**.

Question 63

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a practice, often associated with Western medicine, that seeks to apply the principles of biology and the natural sciences to the practice of diagnosing diseases and promoting healing. Scientific way.

Answer 63

Biomedicine

Question 64

What was the Schepter-Hughes case?

Answer 64

That biomedicine (western medicine) focuses only on the scientific aspect of healthcare and not the individual's social experiences.

Question 65

The _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the complete collectin of microorganisms in the human body's ecosystem.

Answer 65

human microbiome

Question 66

What is a technocratic birth?

Answer 66

Mostly associated with the US where childbirth is considered a major medical procedure. A "technology" birth with lots of machines and medicines.

Question 67

What is the difference between disease and illness?

Answer 67

A disease is physical and is caused by things like viruses. An illness is how one feels - more emotional than physical.

Question 68

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is defined as a practice that seeks to apply the principles of the natural sciences.

Answer 68

Biomedicine

Question 69

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ __________ are a component of the biomedical model but are NOT a component of all health care traditions.

Answer 69

Surgical Procedures

Question 70

chinese medicine enviosions health as achieving a proper balance between _________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 70

Heaven and Earth (breath and air)

Question 71

Common practices in Chinese ethnomedicine include _______ and ________ as well as _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ all of which are thought to improve the flow of the body's qi.

Answer 71

acupressure, acupuncture, therapeutic massage and drinking of herbal teas

Question 72

An approach to the study of health and illness that analyzes the impact of **inequality and stratification** within systems of power on individual and group health outcomes.

Answer 72

critical medical anthropology

Question 73

The movement of diseases, medical treatments, and entire health care systems, as well as those seeking medical care, across national borders

Answer 73

medical migration

Question 74

What is **medical pluralism**?

Answer 74

The intersection of multiple cultural approaches to healing.

Question 75

American kinship terminology is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 75

Eskimo Mother, Father, Brother, Sister

Question 76

Eskimo kinship naming is associated with _____ descent.

Answer 76

bilateral (two-sided)

Question 77

What is bilateral descent?

Answer 77

When descent derives from both mothers and father lines equally.

Question 78

This kinship is found in 1/3 of the world's societies. Uses a single term for all relatives of the same sex and generation. (cousins are considered brothers and sisters) aunts and uncles are considered mothers and fathers

Answer 78

Hawaiian

Question 79

What are the 3 types of residences after children are married?

Answer 79

1. **Matrilocal** - move in with the wife's family 2. **Patrilocal** - move in the husbands family 3. **Neolocal** - live independently

Question 80

What is Compadrazgo?

Answer 80

Fictive kinship in Central Mexico like godparents (co-parents)

Question 81

One way in which humans construct kinship groups is by tracking genealogical: ## Footnote a. ascent b. kinship c. descent d. family

Answer 81

C. descent

Question 82

Individuals in descent groups whose primary relationship are called **_consanguineal_** are based on: A. size B. blood C. maternity D. paternity

Answer 82

B. blood

Question 83

A ______ group is based on shared kinship & common ancestry.

Answer 83

descent

Question 84

What are the two types of unilineal descents?

Answer 84

**Matrilineal** **Patrilineal**

Question 85

Typically, Native American societies have _________ descent groups.

Answer 85

matrilineal

Question 86

What are the two types of descent groups?

Answer 86

Lineages Clans

Question 87

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ represents a descent group that can clearly trace their ancestry to a founding member.

Answer 87

lineage

Question 88

A ________ is a descent group that cannot clearly trace their ancestry to a founding member. Unknown ancestor from an eagle or wolf - native American tribes.

Answer 88

clan

Question 89

A kinship relationship established through marriage and/or alliance, not through biology or common descent.

Answer 89

affinal relationship

Question 90

A marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation.

Answer 90

companionate marriage

Question 91

Marriage between one man and two or more women.

Answer 91

Polygyny

Question 92

Marriage between one woman and two or more men.

Answer 92

Polyandry

Question 93

marriage to someone outside the kinship group.

Answer 93

exogamy

Question 94

marriage to someone within the kinship group.

Answer 94

endogamy

Question 95

What is a Cross cousin

Answer 95

Children of a mother's brother or father's sister

Question 96

What is a parallel cousin?

Answer 96

Children of a father's brother or mother's sister

Question 97

In nations like China, India, the Middle East, and Africa it is legal for ______ cousins to marry.

Answer 97

**cross**

Question 98

**Iroquois kinship naming** is traced through the ________ descent.

Answer 98

Matrilineal or Patrilineally descent but not both

Question 99

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ societies usually have Matrilineal descent.

Answer 99

Horticultural

Question 100

Worldwide, the **most common** type of **descent group** today is: ## Footnote A. matrilineal B. patrilineal C. Clan D. bilateral

Answer 100

**B. patrilineal**

Question 101

A woman **belongs to the same descent group as her father and his brothers**, but her children cannot trace descent through her relatives is what type of descent group?

Answer 101

Patrilineal