Final

Question 1

three term contingency

Answer 1

instrumental response (R) occurs in the presence of distinctive stimuli (S) and results in the delivery of the outcome
S: environmental stimuli signaling (R-O)
R: behavior producing the outcome
O: outcome, either appetitive or aversive

Question 2

S-R association

Answer 2

the discriminative stimulus can become directly associated with the response
key to instrumental learning

Question 3

S-O association

Answer 3

discriminative stimulus can be associated with the outcome

Question 4

R-O association

Answer 4

response becomes associated with the outcome

Question 5

law of effect

Answer 5

responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation

Question 6

Hull’s theory

Answer 6

reduction of drives is primary force behind motivation

Question 7

two-process theory

Answer 7

assumes CC mediates instrumental behavior through conditioning of positive or negative emotions depending on emotional valence or reinforcer

Question 8

premack/differential probability principle

Answer 8

person will perform a less desirable activity to get to a more desirable activity

Question 9

stimulus control

Answer 9

situations in which a behavior is triggered by the presence or absence of some stimulus

Question 10

stimulus discrimination

Answer 10

differential responding to two stimuli indicates that pigeons were treating each stimulus differently

Question 11

stimulus generalization

Answer 11

similar response to two or more stimuli

Question 12

stimulus generalization gradient

Answer 12

graph showing how the strength of response changes with similarity

Question 13

sensory capacity

Answer 13

sets a limit on what stimuli can control behavior

Question 14

sensory orientation

Answer 14

variable that determines whether a particular stimulus feature controls responding

Question 15

overshadowing

Answer 15

stimuli that get more attention and work as better cues can overshadow other cues in the situation

Question 16

configural-cue approach

Answer 16

configural info about the entire compound enters into an association with the US

Question 17

stimulus elements

Answer 17

treating simultaneous presentation of light and tone as conducting of separate visual and auditory cues

Question 18

configural cues

Answer 18

assumes organisms treat a compound stimulus as an integral whole and not divided into parts/elements

Question 19

stimulus discrimination training

Answer 19

bringing behavior under stimulus control

Question 20

stimulus discrimination procedure

Answer 20

establishes control by stimuli that signal when reinforcement is/is not available

Question 21

discriminative stimuli

Answer 21

once S+ and S- have gained control over behavior, S+ is discriminative stimulus for performing instrumental response and S- is discriminative stimulus for not performing the response

Question 22

peak-shift effect

Answer 22

shift of the peak of the generalization gradient away from the original S+

Question 23

intradimensional discrimination training

Answer 23

a training procedure in which S+ and S- differ only in terms of value of one stimulus feature

Question 24

discrete stimulus

Answer 24

a stimulus that is presented for a brief period and has a clear beginning and end

Question 25

contextual cues

Answer 25

background stimuli which can be a combo of visual, auditory, olfactory, or other cues of the room or place

Question 26

conditioned place-preference technique

Answer 26

determines whether the drug has reinforcing effects

Question 27

modulator

Answer 27

nature of binary relation determined by a third event

Question 28

extinction

Answer 28

omitting the US or reinforcer | response acquired via learning

Question 29

frustration

Answer 29

emotional reaction induced by withdrawal of the expected reinforcer

Question 30

spontaneous recovery

Answer 30

rest period introduced after extinction training and responding comes back nothing specific is done during the rest period to produce recovery

Question 31

renewal

Answer 31

recovery of conditioned responding when contextual cues present during extinction are changed

Question 32

renewal effect

Answer 32

recovery of responding with a change in the original context

Question 33

reinstatement

Answer 33

recovery of conditioned behavior that occurs when an individual encounters the US afain

Question 34

resurgence

Answer 34

reappearance of an extinguished target response when another reinforced response is extinguished

Question 35

memory consolidation

Answer 35

establishing learning experience in long-term memory requires time

Question 36

reconsolidation window

Answer 36

once activated, memory in a modifiable state can be changed before memory is reconsolidated and returned to long-term storage

Question 37

reminder cues

Answer 37

cues present during extinction can be effective even when the CS is tested in a different context

Question 38

overtraining extinction effect

Answer 38

more training provided with continuous reinforcement, which leads to a stronger frustration during extinction

Question 39

magnitude reinforcement extinction effect

Answer 39

responding declines more rapidly in extinction following reinforcement with larger reinforcer

Question 40

partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE)

Answer 40

schedule of reinforcement in effect before extinction procedure determines magnitude of behavioral/emotional effects of extinction

Question 41

discrimination hypothesis

Answer 41

introduction of extinction is easier to detect after continuous reinforcement than after partial reinforcement

Question 42

frustration theory

Answer 42

persistence in extinction results from learning something counterintuitive, namely continue responding when you expect to be non reinforced or frustrated

Question 43

sequential theory

Answer 43

assumes individuals can remember whether reinforced or performing instrumental response in the recent past

Question 44

avoidance learning

Answer 44

learning to perform the appropriate behaviors in the appropriate circumstances to prevent aversive outcomes

Question 45

active avoidance

Answer 45

performing a certain behavior prevents an aversive outcome that would otherwise occur

Question 46

passive avoidance/punishment

Answer 46

performing a behavior that results in an aversive outcome

Question 47

avoidance trial

Answer 47

if a participant makes a target response before shock is delivered, the CS is turned off and the US is omitted on the trial

Question 48

escape trial

Answer 48

if a participant fails to make the required response during a CS-US interval, a scheduled shock is delivered and remains on until the response occurs, whereupon both CS and US are terminated

Question 49

two-way shuttle avoidance

Answer 49

animals moves in both directions on successive trials

Question 50

one-way shuttle avoidance

Answer 50

animal is placed on the same side of the apparatus at the start of each trial and always moves to the other side

Question 51

two process theory of avoidance

Answer 51

fear in an acquired drive and reductions in fear are, therefore, reinforcing

Question 52

escape from fear (EFF) procedure

Answer 52

independent measurement of fear instrumental avoidance responding

Question 53

safety signals

Answer 53

response-produced cues that signal the absence of shock

Question 54

positive/type I punishment

Answer 54

presentation of a stimulus immediately following a behavior, resulting in a decrease in the frequency of the behavior

Question 55

negative/type II punishment

Answer 55

termination of an already present stimulus immediately following a behavior, resulting in a decrease in the future frequency of the behavior

Question 56

avoidance

Answer 56

individual must make specific response to prevent aversive stimulus from occurring

Question 57

stimulus-element approach

Answer 57

control over behavior by distinct and separate elements of a stimulus compound