Final Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
chest discomfort precipitated by movement or exercise suggests what
A
mechanical lesion
2
Q
which leads view the heart in the frontal plane
A
limb leads
3
Q
what are the bipolar leads
A
standard limb leads 1 2 3
4
Q
what happens when cardiac cells are stimulated
A
depolarize
5
Q
35% of anginas are
A
unstable anginas
6
Q
what is it called when pain is not revocable
A
referred pain
7
Q
type of pain that onset at night even when sleeping and wakes you up at night
A
unstable angina
8
Q
common condition where there is increase pressure built up in the chest
A
pneumothorax
9
Q
retrosternal pain
A
GERD
10
Q
if it is not cardiac or GI related the then what is causing chest pain
A
chest dysfunction
11
Q
isolated systolic HTN most common in patient over 50 years of age with systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHG diastolic blood pressure is what
A
<90
12
Q
increase sympathetic activity predisposes one to blood pressure to increase due to
A
NA retention
13
Q
high renin HTN results from
A
renal ischemia
14
Q
dry cough is side affect of what
A
ACE inhibitors
15
Q
degradation of elastin and collagen fibers alters the arotas ability to accomodate to pulsatile stretch resulting in reduction in what
A
tensile strength
16
Q
three seconds on the EKG is represented by what on the EKG
A
fifteen large boxes each containing five small boxes
17
Q
the portion between QRS complex and T wave
A
ST segment
18
Q
period in the cardiac cycle when cells depolarize by stronger than normal stimulus
A
relative refractory period
19
Q
elevation of ST segment in the front leads of more than __ is abnormal
A
1 mm
20
Q
abnormal P waves are taller than
A
2.5mm
21
Q
ability of cardiac cellls to respond to outside stimulus is known as
A
excitability
22
Q
inherent rate of pacemaking for the atria
A
60-80 bpm
23
Q
increase sodium retention predisposes one to blood pressure increase due to
A
increase sympathetic activity
24
Q
ABI of .8 should be considered consistent
A
mild PAD
25
dull achy pain comes on after a calf injury - there is pressure in the calf, pain on diorsiflexion, and ankle edema
DVT
26
25% of patients experiencing anterior infarcts commonly show signs of excessive
sympathetic activity
27
leads that view the heart in the horizontal plane
chest leads
28
essential hyertension is most common type of HBP in patients and is classified by systolic pressure > 140 and diastolic pressure of __
>90
29
what is significant symptom of advanced PAD in lower extremity
claudication
30
what are the reciporcal leads of inferior infarct
1 and AVL
31
left sided heart failure is when the LV is overloaded or weakened resulting to what
pulmonary congestion
32
what type of rhythm is associated with inferior infarct
bradycardia
33
a patient that requires pillows to prop them up to breathe easier are said
orthopnea
34
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by what type of thickening septum in relation to the walls
disproportional
35
what type of cardiomyopathy causes about 1 in 3 cases of heart failure and may be reversible in pregnancy
dilated
36
what is the most common cause of hemoptysis in the US
bronchogenic CA and bronchitis
37
excessive bronchoconstrictor response to multiple inhaled triggers that would have no effect on normal airways
airway hyperresponisiveness
38
digital clubbing is a feature of
lung cancer
39
pink puffers
emphysema
40
if failing heart has to work harder than usual over a long period of time there will be increased levels of what in the blood
BNP - brain naturietic peptide
41
what type of heart block is characterized by progressive lengthening of the PR interval resulting in an impulse not being conducted is called
wenckabach
42
what type of heart block is characterized by increase in PR interval but is consistent
first degree HB
43
what type of heart block is characterized by looking normal but then drops with no progressive lengthening
mobitz 2
44
when there is no relationship between the P waves and the QRS complex and T waves
3rd degree heart block
45
first degree block is slowing at the __ resulting in prolongation of the PR interval
AV node
46
if the QT interval is prolonged, this increases the duration of the ___ thereby increasing the potential for life threatening arrhythmias
relative refractory peroid
47
the ventricles will respond to chronic hemodynamic overload with development of what
hypertrophy
48
the term refractory HF describes __ response to usual treatments
inadequate
49
which of the following surface of the heart are not directly viewed when using a standard 12 EKG
R ventricle and posterior surface of LV
50
occlusion of circumflex artery may result in ___ infraction
lateral
51
infarction of the EKG is indicated by
ST elevation
52
the PR segment is prolonged if it is more than __ in duration
0.2 sec
53
what is an interval
waveform and segment
54
factors that predispose one to thrombus formation
hypercoagubility, stasis, and vascular damage
55
ischemia is represented by
tall peaked T waves
| or inverted T waves
56
basic treatment for hypertension
diuretics
57
calcium channel blockers are
negative inotropic
58
what is associated with aneurysm
cystic median fibrosis
59
poisitive chronotropic factors do what
increase heart rate
60
what is assocaited with Buergers disease
smoking
61
prolonged standing causes
varicosities
62
necrosis/infarct is represented by what on the graph
significant Q waves
63
what artery supplies
septum
inferior
lateral
septum - LAD
inferior - R coronary
lateral - L circumflex
64
infarct that occurs through thickness of walls
transmural infarct
65
what is the line between waves called
segment
66
if the primary pacemaker of the heart doesnt fire what fires next
atrial muscle cells
67
av junction bpm
40-60
68
what detects CO2 and O2 in aorta
chemoreceptors
69
depolarization is what kind of event
electrical
70
ABI of >1 indicates
normal ABI
71
ABI of < .05 indicates
severe ischemia
72
ST elevation indicates what on a graph
ST elevation
73
what type of heart block has prolongation of PR interval
first degree AV bllock
74
what type of heart block has progressive lengthening of the PR interval until the ventriclar beat becomes absent
wenckeback or Type 1 second degree AV block
75
what type of heart block has stationary PR interval that drops
Type 2 second degree AV block
76
what type of heart block has no relationship between atria and ventricles and everything is out of sync
Type 3 second degree AV block
77
criteria for bundle branch block
widened QRS complex
RSR wave or M wave
discordant T wave after M wave - T wave in opposite direction
78
the impulse in supraventricular tachycardia originates where
above the AV node in atrium
79
normal sinus rhythm
60-100
80
sinus arrhythmia with breathing
breathe in - increase rate
81
blue bloaters
chronic bronchitis
| assoiciated with cigarette smoking
82
childhood asthma is associated with
immune - allergies
| extrinsic
83
adult asthma is associated with
autoimmune condition
| extrinsic
84
permanent abnormal dilation of the bronchial tree due to chronic infection
bronchectasis
85
bronchectasis damages the alveolar sacs in which part of the lungs
lower portion of the lungs
86
bronchectasis xray findings
curlings lines
| circular cavities
87
digital clubbing, spooning of nails, and hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthrioathy occur
cogenital heart disease
| lung tumor or cancer
88
most common cause of hemoptysis in the world
TB
89
causes of myocarditis
inflammation of the heart
90
ABI of > or equal to 1
normal
91
ABI of < 1
mild PAD
92
ABI of < 0.5
severe PAD
93
MC cause of RV failure
L sided HF
94
what is dilation and hypertrophy of right ventricle in response to COPD and other lung diseases of pulmonary tissue and vcasculature
Cor pulmonale
95
therapy for asthma
bronchodilators
b2 agonists
anti cholinergics
theophylline
96
syndrome characterized by airway obstruction that varies markedly but spontaneously resolves with treatment
asthma
97
is COPD fully reversible
no not fully reversible
98
subjective experience of breathing discomfort
dyspnea
99
increased acitivity in the controller leads to what
hyperventillation
100
disorders of airways leads to
increase airway resistance and work of breathing
101
interference in gas exchanger results in
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, aspiration
102
what is number 1 factor that prevents lung disease
smoking
103
acute cough
subacute
chronic
acute - <3 weeks - MC URI
subacute - post infection
chronic - COPD, cancer, smoker
104
afferent receptors for cough
CN 5, 9, 10 and superior laryngeal nerve
105
efferent fibers for cough
recurrent laryngeal nerve and spinal nerves
106
lung cancer of pleura vs epithelium
pleura - mesothelioma
| epithelium - bronchiogenic
107
small cell carcinoma vs non small cell carcinoma
small cell carcinoma - most aggressive, related to cigarette smoking, metastasis rapidly, sometimes called oat cell carcinoma
non small cell carcinoma - most common lung cancer, 3 types (adenocarcinoma, squamous cell, and large cell), adenocarcinoma is the MC, squamous cell found in R or L main bronchus, squamous cell assocaied with smoking, large cell gows quite quickly
108
majority of patients with inferior infarct exhibit what kind of activity
parasympathetic activity
109
systolic dysfunction is caused by ___ activity and leads to ___ hypertrophy
aerobic activity
| eccentric
110
diastolic dysfunction is caused by ___ activity and leads to ___ hypertrophy
anaerobic activity
| concentric
111
volume overload occurs in
low renin HTN
112
patient presents with pain in back, cough, and hoarsness
aneurysm
113
lymphedema tarda occurs in what age
35
114
what percent of ER patients present with chest pain
5%
115
EH is how many times more likely in african americans compared to whites
2x
116
low renin hypertension result from
volume overload
117
NSAIDs can lead to HT becuase why
cause kidney damage
118
abrupt onset of dyspnea, hemoptysis, tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension suggests what
pulmonary embolism
119
Deep S waves in the right precordial leads and tall R waves in the left precordial leads suggest what
left ventricular hypertrophy
120
common pathology associated to aneurysm
atherosclerosis
121
severity of symptoms in peripheral artery disease in dependent on what
collateral circulation
122
coronary emboli occur
rarely in STEMI
123
ST elevation?
tall peaked T waves or inverted T waves?
ST depression?
Abnormal Q waves?
ST elevation? injury
tall peaked T waves or inverted T waves? ischemia
ST depression? injury
Abnormal Q waves? necrosis
