Final Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Regarding classification of toxicity, 50-500 mg/kg is considered how toxic?
A
MODERATELY
2
Q
Regarding classification of toxicity, 1-50 mg/kg is considered how toxic?
A
HIGHLY
3
Q
Regarding classification of toxicity, how toxic is 0.5-5g/kg?
A
SLIGHTLY
4
Q
Regarding classification of toxicity, how toxic is 5-50g/kg?
A
PRACTICALLY NONTOXIC
5
Q
1mg/kg or less is considered how toxic?
A
EXTREMELY
6
Q
What is the NORMAL Copper/molybdenum ratio?
A
6:1
7
Q
3 things that can cause chronic copper toxicosis in sheep?
A
- Excess copper (feed, soil/plants)
- Molybdenum deficiency
- Unavailability of Sulfate
8
Q
What is the primary organ system involved in ACUTE copper toxicosis?
A
GI; vomiting, colic, hemorrhagic diarrhea
9
Q
What is the primary organ system involved in CHRONIC copper toxicosis?
A
LIVER—>degeneration/necrosis
- release from liver/excess copper in blood—>oxidation of RBCs—>hemolysis
- *also oxidizes Hb—>MtHb
10
Q
What regions may we find excess Molybdenum in the soil?
A
Florida, California, Oregon, Nevada
11
Q
What is the specific antidote for chronic copper toxicosis?
A
Ammonium tetrathiomolybate
(IV or SC, for 3 Tx every other day)
Also, D-penicillamine
12
Q
Specific antidote for Molybdenum toxicosis?
A
Copper glycinate SC
13
Q
What is the specific antidote for Nitrate and Nitrite toxicosis?
A
Methylene blue 1% (for metHb)
14
Q
Primary organ system involved in molybdenum toxicosis?
A
GI (wasting)
15
Q
What region(s) is known for selenium-DEFICIENT soil?
A
Northwest, northeast, southeast, Great Lakes
16
Q
What dosage is required for Selenium toxicosis?
A
0.1 mg/kg
17
Q
Primary organ system involved in ACUTE selenium toxicosis?
A
GI and respiratory
18
Q
Primary organ system involved in SUBACUTE Selenium toxicosis?
A
GI and CNS (“blind staggers” in cattle)
19
Q
Primary organ system involved in CHRONIC selenium toxicosis?
A
Integument (hair, hooves)
*also called “Alkali dz”
20
Q
Nitrate-accumulating plants?
A
Sweet clover Alfalfa Wheat Corn PIGWEED Sunflower Oats Sorghum Beets
21
Q
Species most susceptible to nitrate poisoning?
A
Ruminants
22
Q
In large animals, ingestion of cyanogenic plants may cause cyanide poisoning. What are some of these plants?
A
Wild cherry (Prunus spp.)
Sudan grass
Johnson grass
Sorghums
23
Q
What species is most susceptible to cyanide poisoning?
A
Ruminants (then sheep, horses, and swine)
24
Q
How fast is the onset in acute cyanide poisoning and what are the signs? (Primary organ system involved)
A
PERacute or acute; extremely rapid!
Respiratory
25
What is the primary organ system involved in CHRONIC cyanide poisoning?
CNS
26
Specific antidote for Cyanide toxicosis?
Sodium nitrite 20% or sodium thiosulfate 20%
Vinegar in cold water orally to slow microbial hydrolysis
27
Most susceptible species to soluble oxalate toxicosis?
Sheep and cattle
28
Primary organ system involved in soluble oxalate toxicosis?
Renal (Ca2+ oxalate precipitation in renal tubules)
CNS (mm.twitching, coma, convulsions)
29
Plants that contain large amount of soluble oxalates?
```
PIGWEED
Beet,
Sorrel,
Rhubarb,
Lamb’s quarters,
Halogeton
```
30
Specific antidote for deterrence alkaloids (buttercup family, larkspur, delphinium)?
Physostigmine or Neostigmine
31
INsoluble calcium oxalate plants?
Arum Family (Araceae)
- Chinese evergreen
- flamingo plant
- Alocacia
- dumcane varieties
- peace lily
- calla lily
- caladium
- jack-in-the-pulpit
- cuckoo pint
- philodendron varieties
- skunk cabbage
32
What are some differential diagnoses for soluble oxalate toxicosis?
Rumen acidosis (but the pH of rumen in oxalate is ALKALINE)
Milk fever (but lesions are not as prominent as oxalate)
Hypocalcemia
33
Quinones (St. John’s wort, etc.) share the MOA of what....?
Primary photosensitization
34
Primary organ system involved in insoluble calcium oxalate toxicosis?
Upper GI
35
Primary organ system involved in isocupressic acid toxicosis?
What are some plants that have this component?
Reproductive; abortion
Ponderosa pines, Monterey cypress
36
Primary organ system involved in tannic acid toxicosis in ruminants?
GI and Renal
37
Primary organ systems involved in tannic acid toxicosis in monogastrics?
GI
38
T or F:
| Horses are resistant to Triterpene acids.
TRUE
39
Primary organ involved in triterpene acid toxicosis in ruminants?
LIVER
40
What are some plants that contain triterpene acids?
Lantana, yellow sage, vervain family
41
T or F:
| Diterpene alkaloids have an MOA similar to curare.
TRUE; competitive blockade of the Nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate
42
Primary organ involved in gossypol (cottonseed) toxicosis?
Cardiac
| Secondary liver damage
43
What is an example of a plant containing carboxyatractyloside (sulfated glycoside)?
What’s its MOA?
Cocklebur (xanthium strumarium)
| Hepatotoxic
44
How are cardiac glycosides cardiotoxic?
Inhibit the Na/K/ATP-ase pump!
45
Examples of cardiac glycosides?
```
Foxglove
Oleander
Periwinkle
Desert rose
Frangipani
bridal bouquet
Milkweed
Christmas Kallanchoe
```
46
Primary organ involved in coumarin glycoside toxicosis?
BLOOD; form dicoumarol in spoiled plants—>hemorrhage due to antagonism of vitamin K by inhibiting Vit K Epoxide reductase —>deficiency of coagulation factors (II, VII, IX, and X)
47
Acute toxicosis from cyanogenic glycosides would lead us to believe what primary organ is involved?
Respiratory
48
Chronic toxicosis from cyanogenic glycosides would lead us to believe what primary organ system is involved?
CNS
49
Of the 3 toxins cycad palms (of the cycasin family), only 2 are known. What are the primary organ systems they involve?
Cycasin: GI and liver
Beta-methylamino-L-alanine(BMAA): CNS
50
What is sodium picrate paper test used to diagnose?
Cyanide
51
What is nitrate poisoning associated with?
Abortions and MetHb-nemia
52
Toxic principle of oak trees?
Tannic acid
53
Plant known for being similar to warfarin?
Sweet clover
54
Rattlebox has what toxic principle?
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
55
Toxic principle for azaleas?
Grayanotoxins
56
What toxic plant is known for causing diarrhea/vomiting, as well as cardiac arrhythmias?
Oleander
57
What plant causes neurodegeneration and demyelination in the CHRONIC stage?
Elderberry
58
Selenium-containing plant located in Wyoming and out west?
Prince’s plume
59
Vitamin K Tx time period for a SECOND generation Anticoagulation rodenticide?
4 weeks
60
Clinical application: dog’s lab results come back after poisoning...
Elevated: calcidiol, calcitriol, serum [Ca2+] and [P]
Decreased: PTH
What’s at the top of our differential list?
Cholecalciferol
61
What do we think of with Bromethalin toxicosis?
| What should we avoid?
Affects brain + spinal cord; monitor fluid and electrolytes during Tx; consider activated charcoal
*DO NOT give emetics if toxin has been in the system for ~3 hours*
62
What goes with lethal synthesis?
Hepatic bioactivation
63
```
What toxicosis would we diagnose if we see:
Hyperosmolality,
Increased anion gap,
Heinz bodies on blood smear,
Metabolic acidosis
```
PROPYLENE GLYCOL
64
Diterpene alkaloid Larkspur, competitively blockades what receptors at what location? How do we treat?
Nicotinic Rs at the MUSCLE ENDPLATE (similar to curare);
| Treat with physostigmine
65
What family does locoweed belong to?
Indolizidine alkaloids
66
T or F:
| Day lily causes hepatotoxicity
False
67
How do we treat canine arrhythmias for chocolate toxicosis?
Beta blockers!
68
What drugs may increase warfarin toxicity?
Aspirin
Sulfonamides
Steroids
Thyroxine
69
Sensitivity to anticoagulant rodenticides according to species in DECREASING Order...
Pigs>dogs/cats> ruminants> horses> chickens
70
Ingestion of plants that have been sprayed with the recommended levels of 2,4-D herbicides may cause poisoning in livestock...
But WHY?
Accumulation of toxic levels of nitrate in the plant
71
The first clinical signs in organophosphate poisoning are mainly due to...?
Muscarinic stimulation
72
If we do not know the type of anticoagulant rodenticide, how long should we treat with Vitamin K1?
3-4 weeks
73
T or F:
Warfarin acts as an anticoagulant in-vivo and in vitro by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase, inhibiting activation of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.
Falseee
74
What do carbamate and organophosphate pesticides have in common?
Similar sources of poisoning,
Lipid soluble/can penetrate intact skin,
Quickly eliminated,
Clinical signs due to excess ACh
75
T or F:
| Use acepromazine to treat organophosphate poisoning in dogs.
FALSE
76
How does 2-PAM antagonize the toxic effects of organophosphate?
Deactivation of acetylcholinesterase
77
Route of choice for Vitamin K administration?
PO
78
MOA of anticoagulant rodenticides?
Inhibit ACTIVATION OF precursor proteins of clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X)
79
Best sample for chemical analysis, to help confirm a Dx of cholecalciferol toxicosis in a live GSD?
Serum
80
What might we think if we saw these clin path changes:
Hypercalcemia,
Hyperphosphatemia
Hypokalemia,
Elevated Crea & BUN
Cholecalciferol
81
What is peculiar about toxicity from the insecticide parathion in cattle?
It’s LESS toxic to young calves (30 day old), than adult cattle...
82
We’re trying to confirm diagnosis of organophosphate in a live cow. What’s the best sample to submit to tox lab?
Whole blood
83
Anticoagulant effects of warfarin rodenticide can be reversed immediately by what?
Intravenous whole fresh blood infusion
84
What do PCP and ergot (Claviceps purpurea) have in common?
Chronic toxicosis with PCP generally has similar clinical signs as Ergot (in cattle)
85
What do warfarin and spoiled sweet clover (Melilotus spp) have in common?
May cause similar clinical signs
86
A blood lead concentration reported as 50mg/dL is equal to _____ ppm.
500 ppm
87
What is the most common cause of acute death in cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity?
Respiratory failure
88
T or F:
Phenoxy acetic acid herbicides are plant hormones that change plant metabolism resulting in increasing toxicity of plants by improving plant palatability and increasing toxin content.
TRUE
89
Acute toxicosis of dipyridyl herbicides:
| What would we see?
Vomiting, anorexia, depression, production of free radicals that damage tissue
And in HIGH doses, maybe cause ataxia, dyspnea, and seizures
90
T or F:
Paraguay is a plant hormone that alters the metabolism of plants which increases their toxicity and improves palatability
Falseee
91
Name the toxicant:
| If the dog survives the acute phase (3hours), s/he will develop liver failure.
Metaldehyde
92
Signs of CNS stimulation and GI irritation in a DOG,
And heart failure in a HORSE....
Is most indicative of which toxicant?
Fluoroacetate
93
T or F:
| Repeated exposure to small amounts of strychnine over time is more toxic than large single exposure.
FALSE
94
A toxicant that has the following lesion in most species:
Gastroenteritis (may be hemorrhagic)
Pulmonary congestion/edema,
Congestion of liver and kidney,
Dead fish odor (acetylene odor) in stomach
Zinc phosphide
95
What toxicant would we think of if we saw elevated citrate in the kidney tissue or blood?
Fluoroacetate
96
What rodenticide is MOST likely to cause increased ICP and posterior paralysis?
Bromethalin
97
What is pamidronate disodium?
Welll... it’s a bisphosphonate and it acts as a specific inhibitor of bone resorption
98
Most sensitive animals to zinc phosphide toxicosis?
Caged birds
99
T or F:
Dipyridyl herbicides are plant hormones that change metabolism resulting in increasing toxicity of plants by improving plant palatability and increasing toxin content.
False
100
What toxicant do we think of when we see signs of respiratory insufficiency and overheating (and somehow we know that it’s BY MOA of uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation and blocking/decreasing ATP)?
PCP
101
What toxicosis would the following blood chemistry best characterize in ruminants?
Acidosis,
Hyperkalemia,
Hyperglycemia,
Elevated BUN
102
Onset clinical signs in urea toxicosis?
0.5-3 hours! Fast af
103
T or F:
| Grain overload is highly likely to elevate rumen pH.
False.
104
A feedlot steer that survived an overdose of monensin in the feed was found dead 3 weeks later. If the death was related to the monensin toxicity, what was the cause?
Cardiac fibrosis and insufficiency as a result of cardiac muscle necrosis (during the acute toxicosis)
105
Pretty much pathognomonic evidence of water deprivation/sodium ion toxicosis in swine is......
Eosinophilic meningoecephalitis
106
Species most sensitive to ethylene glycol poisoning....
Kitty cats
107
T or F:
| Propylene glycol is highly likely to cause systemic acidosis.
False
108
How long after ingestion of ethylene glycol (resulting in toxicosis) in the dog, does acute renal failure result?
24-72 hours
109
In addition to antidotal treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning, what other treatment is important?
Sodium bicarbonate
110
What is the recommended cheating agent for lead toxicosis in pet birds?
Dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer)
