Final

Question 1

Willsonianism

Answer 1

is based on pursuing the spread of democracy and internationalism in an attempt to achieve world peace
relies on morality
values are valid universally

Question 2

Spanish American

Answer 2

America was itching to fight the damn Spaniards
Sinking of the USS Maine was the main event leading to the US interfering with the war
US viewed European powers in Latin America as a violation the the Monroe Doctrine
Conflict in Cuba negatively impacted US economic resources (sugar)

Question 3

isolationism

Answer 3

US did not want to get involved in another war after the recovery from WWI
Didn’t work

Question 4

Kellogg - Briand Pact

Answer 4

Agreement to outlaw war, first steps towards collective security
Signed in Paris in 1928

Question 5

Open Door Notes

Answer 5

Open door notes to China from Secretary of State John Hay in 1899-1900
EO for trade with China and respect for China’s territorial integrity
The idea that keeping China open to trade is beneficial to the US and world economy

Question 6

Zimmerman Telegram

Answer 6

An intercepted telegram between Germany and Mexico
Proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico
One of the factors that pulled the US into WWI

Question 7

Marshall Plan

Answer 7

Effective in 1948
provided assistance restoring the economic infrastructure of Europe in the Post war
Aimed to contain communism from spreading into western europe

Question 8

LON/ Collective security

Answer 8

Collective security created after WWI with the agenda of preventing another world war
Failed, but the idea eventually helped create the UNSC

Question 9

Dollar Diplomacy

Answer 9

Diplomacy policy of President Taft towards Latin America and East Asia
Using US economic power by guaranteeing countries loans
Helped secure access to resources abroad
“A better way of imperialism”

Question 10

Munich Agreement

Answer 10

A settlement in 1938 between Nazi Germany and Czechoslovakia allowing Germany to annex the German speaking areas along the border.
Taking the border areas was a strategic advantage to Germany because it allowed them to already occupy the harder terrain to gain, making it easy for Germany to gain complete control of Czechoslovakia
Pretty much Czechoslovakia gave up their fortified areas

Question 11

Containment

Answer 11

Containing the spread of communism

Led to the Vietnam War, Korean War, the use of the atomic bomb in JP, economic support to western europe

Question 12

Atomic Diplomacy

Answer 12

Refers to the attempt to use the threat of nuclear warfare to achieve diplomatic goals
Building stockpiles of nuclear weapons to scare countries into submission
Brought the US and USSR into many scary situations such as “13 days”

Question 13

EXCOMM

Answer 13

JFK’s advisors to the NSC over “13 Days”
Executive committee of the NSC
How do these dots connect?

Question 14

SEATO

Answer 14

Treaty signed between western powers and the PI and Thailand aimed at deterring communism
SE Asian powers feared losing their power due to communism
The US used SEATO as an excuse to postpone elections in Vietnam

Question 15

CENTO

Answer 15

Central Treaty Organization: Formed in 1955 between Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, & UK
Promises of US military and economic aid (Later the US joined, conflicts with pro Israel groups)
One of the least successful Cold War treaties
Its goal was to contain communism
The democracy placed in Iran went to shit because of ties to communist powers

Question 16

NATO

Answer 16

NATO was signed in 1949
Yet another treaty aimed at containing communism
A collective security agreement

Question 17

Brinksmanship

Answer 17

The art or practice of pursuing a dangerous policy to the limits of safety before stopping
Resulted in the Cuban Missile Crisis

Question 18

Red Scare

Answer 18

Rise of the CCP in China or the Russian revolution
Gathered up and deported individuals in the US with radical political views
Chinese Red Scare led to the suspension of clearances of people like Dr. Qian Xuesen

Question 19

Yalta

Answer 19

Post war negotiations between FDR and Stalin
Originally viewed as a success in the US, later viewed as FDR selling out
Stalin agreed that the Polish government would expand to allow some pro London Polish to have a voice
Stalin also agreed on paper to hold elections
Stalin agreed to the layout of the UN
Stalin accepted that the USSR would have three seats (RU, Belarus, Ukraine)

Question 20

Bay of pigs

Answer 20

Significance for US Foreign Policy:
Castro became very wary of further interference from the United States moving forward, and moved closer to the USSR militarily in order to have leverage against this possibility

Question 21

Detente

Answer 21

A policy between the US and USSR aiming at decreasing the production of arms in order to prevent another missile crisis
Ended after the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, which led to the United States boycott of the 1980 Olympics in Moscow

Question 22

Lend Lease

Answer 22

Passed in 1941
Principal means for providing U.S. military aid to foreign nations during World War II
Authorized president to transfer arms or any other defense materials for which Congress appropriated money to “the government of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States”
Act permitted the United States to support its war interests without being overextended in battle by allowing the transfer of supplies without compensation.
Lend-Lease also brought the United States one step closer to World War II by allowing the US to fund war efforts without contributing soldiers.

Question 23

Four Policemen

Answer 23

Council proposed by FDR to guarantee world peace
Made up of US, UK. China, and Soviet Union
Would act as the “global police” and would be responsible for keeping order within their spheres of influence
Would lead to the formation of the United Nations

Question 24

Roosevelt Corollary

Answer 24

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by Theodore Roosevelt after the Venezuela Crisis of 1902-03
Corollary states that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European countries and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers
Consistent with Big Stick Diplomacy and used to justify US intervention throughout the Western Hemisphere
FDR renounced the policy in 1934 and instituted the Good Neighbor policy

Question 25

Washington Naval disarmament conference

Answer 25

November 1921
Meeting of world’s largest naval powers to discuss naval disarmament and way to relieve growing tensions in East Asia
Establishment of the 5:5:3:1.75:1.75 ratio limits of warship tonnage allotted to US, UK, Japan, France, and Italy respectively
Ten year pause in the construction of capital ships
US and UK allowed highest tonnage
Meant to prevent an arms race

Question 26

Truman Doctrine

Answer 26

Argued that this started the Cold War. Send military or economic aid to countries under the threat of Communist take over. USSR wasn’t pulling out of Iran.
Turkey - USSR wanted Turkey so they could access the Mediterranean sea, and the oil in the ME.
COUNTRIES UNDER THE THREAT OF USSR TAKE OVER NEED ECONOMIC SUPPORT AND MILITARY SUPPORT

Question 27

Shuttle Diplomacy

Answer 27

The action of an outside party in serving as an intermediary between principals in a dispute, without direct principal-to-principal contact
Kissinger participated in shuttle diplomacy in the Middle East leading to the Sinai Interim Agreement (1975) and arrangements between Israel and Syria on the Golan Heights (1974).

Question 28

Triangular Diplomacy

Answer 28

The decision of Nixon and Kissinger to exploit the rivalry between China and the Soviet Union to win advantages for the United States.
Nixon’s visits to China and Soviet Union

Question 29

Dien Bien Phu

Answer 29

Climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War between the French and Viet Minh
Occurred in 1945 and culminated in a comprehensive French defeat that influenced negotiations in Geneva over the future of Indochina
Left Vietnam open to Communist expansion (split into two zones, North and South)

Question 30

Carter Doctrine

Answer 30

Policy proclaimed by Jimmy Carter on January 23, 1980
Stated that the US would use military force if necessary to defends its national interests in the Persian Gulf.
Response to Soviet Union’s intervention in Afghanistan and sought to deter the Soviet Union from seeking hegemony in the Persian Gulf
Modeled after the Truman Doctrine

Question 31

New Look

Answer 31

National security policy implemented by Dwight D. Eisenhower
Emphasized reliance on strategic nuclear weapons to deter potential threats, both conventional and nuclear, from the Eastern Bloc headed by the Soviet Union
Brought about a shift in emphasis from conventional military capability to “air-atomic” capability.
Mass retaliation to any Soviet aggression

Question 32

Iran Contra

Answer 32

1985-1987
Nicaragua and Iran
US sold WPNS to Iran and gave the money to Nicaragua
The Contras violated human rights, but they were anti communist so the US wanted to support them. This back door deal (with 3rd parties) allowed the US to secretly provide the Contra’s with money because we had an arms embargo against Iran. Exposed covert operations.

Question 33

SDI Strategic Defense Initiative

Answer 33

Missile defense program after MAD because Reagan did not like MAD because it wasn’t a sure deference from a nuclear strike.
SDI was a defense system that would protect from a nuclear strike. Star Wars! Critics said that it wasn’t 100%. It did scare the USSR into overspending

Question 34

Mr. X

Answer 34

Pseudonym of George F. Kennan
Wrote the “Long Telegram” from Moscow in 1946 which argued how to contain the USSR because they wanted communism to spread.

Question 35

Berlin Airlift

Answer 35

Berlin was divided into four quadrants (Western and Eastern side)
Soviet Union restricted access to Berlin through East Germany
In response, Truman approved an airlift which dropped supplies into Berlin (although expensive, major PR victory for US)
Early Cold War conflict between US and Soviet Union

Question 36

Operation Mongoose

Answer 36

Covert operation of the CIA against Fidel Castro
Aimed at removing the Communists from power in Cuba
“Help Cuba overthrow the Communist regime”
Widely acknowledged as an American policy failure against Cuba

Question 37

Ping Pong Diplomacy

Answer 37

Because of the Red Scare, America cut off ties with China. In the 1970’s Mao invited US ping pong players to play ping pong in China. This led to China reopening to the US, Nixon’s trip to China and the Shanghai communique

Question 38

Allen Dulles

Answer 38

Third director of the CIA (1953-1961)
Oversaw the 1954 Guatemalan coup, Iran coup (Operation Ajax), Lockheed U-2 program, and the Bay of Pigs Invasion (afterwards he was forced to resign)

Question 39

SALT I Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

Answer 39

Signed on May 26, 1972
Froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels and limited land based ICBMs that were in range from the northeastern border of the continental US to the northwestern border of the continental USSR
Example of detente to lack tensions between US and USSR

Question 40

Stimson Doctrine

Answer 40

Policy of nonrecognition of states created as a result of aggression
Policy enunciated in a note on January 7, 1932 to the Empire of Japan and Republic of China
Policy followed Japan’s unilateral seizure of Manchuria

Question 41

Neutrality Acts

Answer 41

Made no distinction between aggressor and victim, treating both equally as “belligerents”
Limited US ability to aid Britain and France against Nazi Germany
Repealed after Pearl Harbor

Question 42

14 Points

Answer 42

Highlighted free trade, open agreements, democracy, and self-determination as essential for peace
Introduced idea of League of Nations
Became the basis for the terms of the German surrender at the end of World War I
Wilson award the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for his peace-making efforts