Final! Flashcards
1
Q
Public Sphere
A
express views/wants in light of that of others’
2
Q
Deliberation
A
I support this and heres why
3
Q
Habermas and the Hierarchy of Deliberative Opinion
A
(From Least to Greatest) No Opinion - Opinion but no reasons - Opinion with reasons - Opinion in light of reasons of others, even opponents
4
Q
Political Homopholy
A
surround yourself with like-minded individuals, which reinforce our own views
5
Q
Mediatization
A
the process by which the media have come to play a central role in politics, influencing institutions, performing strategic functions for political elites
6
Q
Information Regime
A
a stable system of political organizations linking citizens to one another and to the state, and adapted to the ecology of communication and information at any given time
7
Q
First Info Regime
A
1830s to late 19th Century
mail-based national system; national scale political parties and new businesses
8
Q
Second Info Regime
A
Late 19th Century to mid-20th Century
Industrial-scale administrative complexity, diversification, specialization, interest groups, civic orgs, professionals
9
Q
Third Info Regime
A
1950s to 1990s
emergence of mass media, communication, centralized high-cost, asymmetric, mass communication
10
Q
Fourth Info Regime
A
1990s to Present
With the emergence of digital media allows individuals to find and communicate with one another; radically decentralized and inexpensive communication; network dynamics, info abundance
11
Q
Public Agenda
A
the set of issues that the public thinks is the most important
12
Q
Policy Agenda
A
the set of issues to which government institutions are devoting attention
13
Q
News Agenda
A
the set of issues that professional news media are covering most prominently; tells us what to think about; social media changes this; citizen generated content can reach news orgs
14
Q
Issue Framing
A
using words that elicit one set of values, beliefs, or attitudes rather than others in a way that affects what opinion people express
15
Q
Episodic Framing
A
describing discrete events, without context
16
Q
Thematic Framing
A
describing context, trends, causes, interconnections among events, why things happen and how we should think about solving them
17
Q
Equivalency Framing
A
people respond differently to numerically equivalent statements as a function of whether these are framed in terms of loss or gain
18
Q
Framing effects are stronger with….
A
repetition, more political knowledge, talking with politically-similar others
19
Q
Nelson, Clawson, and Oxley Theory
A
ideas used to frame certain stories will also influence viewers’ opinions on the story
20
Q
Nelson, Clawson, and Oxley Methodology
A
lab setting with undergrads, warm-up segment, then 7 min clip compilations, “tolerance measure” questions
21
Q
Nelson, Clawson, and Oxley Findings
A
news framing matters for viewers’ tolerance
22
Q
Learning Model
A
mass media messages provide new info about an issue
23
Q
Priming/Cognitive Accessability Model
A
Political judgements and evaluations are based on only a subset of all potentially relevant thoughts
24
Q
Expectancy Model
A
asymmetrically stresses the importance of gain/loss and variability in risk involved in problems among other accessible considerations, which influences your opinion
25
Cognitive Bias
pattern of thought involving a predisposition toward a predictable error, mis-estimation, or mental shortcut (Ex: gamblers' fallacy, coin flips)
26
Anchoring Effect
exposing someone to an arbitrary number will influence another numeric estimate even if there is no relationship between the two values
27
False Consensus
we tend to be bad at estimating how many people agree with us on a certain issue, being biased to favor our own viewpoint
28
Third-Person Perception
on average, people agree with us on a certain issue, being biased to favor our own viewpoint
29
Hostile Media Effect
selective perception and recall of news as being biased against one's views
30
Selective Exposure/Acceptance
preference for news and other messages that reinforce existing attitudes and opinions
31
Belief in Falsehoods
actively held belief that is factually incorrect; cognitive biases support false beliefs
32
Priming
practice of highlighting particular issues or features in a complex situation to emphasize the considerations around which opinions are formed
33
Cueing
looking for cues/labes
34
Bolstering
selecting factoids to support positions
35
Weighing
using emotions to direct attention
36
Anchoring
packing and narrating this mediated information in terms of personal life experiences
37
Factoids
bits and pieces of info that fill in emerging understandings of a situation
38
Vallone, Ross, and Lepper Question
is the hostile media phenomenon really an exception to the rule of confirmatory bias in cognition and perception?
39
Vallone, Ross, and Lepper Methodology
36 min of TV reports of Beirut Massacre shown to pro-Arab and pro-Israeli groups, then questionnaire RE: fairness/objectivity of segments
40
Vallone, Ross, and Lepper Findings
disagreed about material; more knowledge ---> more inclined to view bias; tendency for partisans to view media coverage of controversial events as unfairly biased/hostile to their position
41
Heuristics
cognitive shortcuts
42
Constructionism
focuses on how individuals form different beliefs from media exposure which depends on demographics, psychology, and the content of a particular medium
43
Schema
a cognitive structure consisting of organized knowledge about situations and individuals that comes from prior experiences; serves as a filter for info
44
Knowledge Gap
high-status, well-informed citizens acquire more info at a faster clip that their low-status, poorly informed counterparts
45
Values
understanding what is good and not good
46
Political beliefs
understanding of what is true and not true; falsifiable in principle
47
Opinions
positions on specific political questions of the day
48
Attitudes
enduring dispositions about problems
49
Receive-Accept-Sample (RAS) Model
many opinion reflect "top of the head" thinking based on highly filtered info, not necessarily tightly connected to values and beliefs
50
Dual Process Models
thinking tends to be peripheral, unless motivation, interest, urgency, and skill are brought to bear
51
Accessibility and Agenda Setting
Most accessible information is what is most important and/or most recent
52
Applicability and Framing
Applying certain values, presented from a frame to a certain issue
53
Inclusiveness of Press
- Established by Lovell v. City of Griffin (1938)
| - doesn't just cover newspapers, pretty much any publication (like fliers)
54
Limited Content-Based Restrictions in the Press
- Established by many cases
| - "viewpoint discrimination" just as in speech
55
Press Protection from libel sanctions
- Established by NYT v. Sullivan (1964)
- Journalists have a generally higher level of protection from libel
- Price you pay for free press is occasional mistakes; news requires some tolerance
56
No prior restraint of the press
- Established by NYT v. US (1971 - The Pentagon Papers)
| - Effective news orgs will sometimes expose gov't deception that the government doesn't want to be seen
57
Prior Restraint
when the government finds out about a story being published at trying to get an injunction on it
58
Journalistic Priviledge
- Established by Branzburg v. Hayes (1972) and state level shield laws
- Government can get sources if there is an overriding and compelling state interest; this is very broad and a "patchwork" across states
59
"Rally-Around-the-Flag"
when there is a significant crises, news orgs are typically in support of political/gov't powers
60
Partisanship as a business model
playing to selective exposure to get more viewers
61
False balance
when avoiding favoritism toward one viewpoint ends up also avoiding evidence
62
Fake News
ongoing junk news sites designed to generate AD income
63
Style
customs and rules governing the use of language, including choice of words and how they're arranged
64
Leadership Style
a combination of habitual modes of thought and action on which individuals perceive or judge a candidate
65
Rhetoric
the art or study of persuasion; process of inventing discourse; both verbal and non-verbal
66
Incumbency Campaign Styles
- Recognition
- Legitimacy, "trappings" of office
- presumption of competence
- possibility to allocate funds
67
Challenger Campaign Styles
- Possibility to campaign all the time
- Attack the incumbent
- on offense on issues
- Lament and call for change; people tend to see what is wrong over what is good
- What change is needed and why they are the person for the job
68
Triangulation
- Defending acceptable ideas for both sides of the aisle
- "government is not the problem nor the solution"
- Mostly for incumbents
69
Segmentation
Micro-targeting of voting blocs, often achieved through identification
70
Identification
creation of consubstantiality and dissassociation
71
The American Jeremiad
- Reference to norm or ideals, often spiritual
- Lamentation over collective, often moral, decline
- Orator offers repentance and redemption
72
The Slippery Slope Fallacy
- With fearful rhetoric, by inciting fear, you can lead people to support you and your position
- One observation leads to a thinly-stretched conclusion
73
The False Dilemma
The orator presents the situation as an either/or choice between two options but there is at least one more alternative
74
Apologia
apologetic discourse
75
Acquittal posture
denial
76
Absolution posture
admission/forgiveness
77
Explanation posture
explain circumstances, ambivalent on guilt
78
Vindication posture
attack source without direct answer
79
Justification posture
reframing charge to get praise
80
news adjacencies
time slots just before or just after a local newscast
81
gross rating point (GRP)
unit of exposure that reflects the percentage of the media market that is exposed to the ad
82
Image ads
maintain thematic continuity with the biographical message by presenting the candidate as a likable human being with a strong sense of public service
83
Issue ads
more substantive and either focus on the candidate's past experience and record in public life, or outline the candidate's position on major policy issues
84
wedge issues
designed to pit groups against each other to appeal to voters' sense of group identity
85
Iyengar Study on Campaigns
- Attacked candidate was significantly better off to counterattack
- Also demonstrated that support for the attacked candidate who responded with a positive ad dropped substantially among voters who shared the attacked candidates party
86
1974 FECA Amendments
- Limits on the size of contributions, the amount of spending, and public financing
87
Buckley v. Valeo
Established that money is speech and is protected under 1st amendment
88
Soft money
- party-building exclusion to raise unlimited amounts of contributions
- campaign money that is exempt from litigation
89
Issue Advocacy
ads referring to candidates by not containing express advocacy were referred to as above and not covered by FECA
90
Electioneering Communications
any broadcast advertising that identifies a federal candidate and is run within 30 days of a primary or 60 days before general election
91
Basic principle of campaign strategy
maximize the number of positive messages about yourself and the number of negative messages about your opponent
92
Obama echoing JFK
- Obama is to the internet as JFK was to TV
| - using a new medium in his campaign
93
Free-Media Value
advertising- cost value of attention in media
94
US election campaigns are under pressure...
- externally from global processes
| - internally from evolving media technology and old structural problems
95
Public good
non-excludable; ex: clean air
96
Collective action
people coming together around a public good to make a change
97
Boycotts
- avoiding a product/company for political or ethical reasons
- people are thinking more about their consumer actions as having political implications
98
Buycott
seeking product/company for the same reasons
99
Counterpublics (Tufecki)
groups coming together to oppose the more hegemonic public sphere/ideologies
100
Slactivism (Tufecki)
a catchphrase that insulated activists and non-activists using digital tools without adding to understating the complexity of digital reconfiguration of the public sphere
101
Digital Dualism (Tufecki)
the idea that the internet is a less "real" world
102
"Cute Cat Theory" of Activism (Tufecki)
Platforms that have nonpolitical functions can become more politically powerful because it is harder to censor their large number of users who are eager to connect with one another or share their latest "cute cat" pictures
103
"Bridge Ties" (Tufecki)
Connecting to people or movements through mutual friends
104
Arab Spring Beginnings
Began in Tunisia, "Flash Revolution," no single revolutionary figure/leader, heavily organized through social media
105
Arab Spring Grievances
emotional triggers and realization of the possible in the context of good communication
106
Explanation of Variances in Arab Spring Outcomes
- willingness of the militaries to defect
| - which was a function of the size of the mobilization and the institutionalization of the military
107
Strategies Behind Censoring Internet in China
- Censorship of communication with collective-action potential; viral potential/action oriented
- Distraction and Agenda changing through manufactured posts
108
King et. al study
- Monitoring Chinese social media posts/sites to examine what is being censored
- Chinese government doesn't care if its being criticized or not; only cares about collective action potential
109
"Fifty Cent Party"
- posting on behalf of the state
| - job is to intervene when conversations turn towards collective action potential by CHANGING THE TOPIC
110
Two themes in Obama's campaigns (Bimber)
- personalized political communication
| - commodification of digital media as tools
111
Lifestyle Politics (Bimber)
political expression through daily choices about routine matters of lifestyle are ascendant over traditional, institution-centric forms of participation
112
State Critique Theory (King et. al)
posits that the goal of the Chinese leadership is to suppress dissent and to prune human expression that finds fault with the elements of the Chinese state, its policies, or its leaders
113
Collective Action Potential (King et. al)
target of censorship is people who join together to express themselves collectively, stimulated by someone other than the government, and seem to have the potential to generate collective action
114
King et. al's Hypothesis
the government censors all posts in topic areas during volume bursts that discuss events with collective action potential
115
King et. al's central theoretical finding
Purpose of censorship program is NOT to suppress criticism of the state or communist party. Purpose is to reduce the probability of collective action by clipping social ties whenever any collective movements are in evidence or expected.
116
Structural Adaptation to Change (Lesson about Power)
Changing communication environments elicit ADAPTATIONS by political organizations and new contests over power
117
Unpredictability of voice and action (Lesson about Power)
Expressions of citizen voice and action can be unpredictable, due to the nature of triggering events and viral growth in attention
118
Cognitive limitations (Lessons about Power)
Humans are not well equipped to deal with complex political communication, which is a big problem for the theory of democracy
119
Mediatization of Politics (Lessons about Power, Perloff)
Politics has shifted from being institution-centric to being media-centric
120
Public Spheres are Under Duress (Lessons about Power)
Homopholy, insulation, "synthetic public opinion"
121
Power and Counter-Power in Networks (Lessons about Power)
Networked citizens have more agency, expand our opportunities to resist (COUNTER-POWER)
122
Hashtag Entrepreneurs (Sustein)
people create or spread hashtags as a way of promoting ideas, perspectives, products, persons, supposed facts, and eventually actions
123
Architecture of serendipity (Sustein)
for the sake of individual lives, group behavior, innovation, and democracy itself
124
Choice Architecture (Sustein)
information should be structured so that people frequently come across views and topics that they have not specifically selected
125
"Partyism" (Sustein)
a kind of visceral, automatic dislike of people of the opposing party
126
General-interest intermediaries (Sustein)
newspapers, magazines, and broadcasters who provide a range of chance encounters to the public
127
Special-interest intermediaries (Sustein)
online news outlets often take the form of specialized "verticals" that focus on narrower subjects
128
Unifying issue (Sustein)
various problems for a democratic society that might be created for the POWER TO FILTER
129
Indexing (Castells)
practice in which journalists and editors limit the range of political viewpoints and issues that they report upon to those expressed within the mainstream political establishment
130
Mass self-communication (Castells)
it is self-generated in content, self-directed in emission, and self-selected in reception by many that communicate with many
131
Counter-power (Castells)
the capacity by social actors to challenge and eventually change the power relations institutionalized in society
132
Group 1: Twitter's Public Agenda
- Hypothesis: professional media agenda would affect Twitter agenda
- Methodology: Examined tweets across twenty different topics
- Conclusion: Events covered the most were triggering, sensational, negative, dramatic (Trump, foreign affairs, civil rights); Trump has power to influence the election
133
Group 2: Influence on Twitter
- Hypothesis: elected officials will have most influence, along with some private individuals
- Methodology: Looked at retweets by select individuals depending on the topic area
- Conclusion: Journalism and Media, Gov't and Politics, and elected officials were the most influential
134
Group 3: Social Senators
- Hypothesis: Dems will be more active on Twitter, Republicans on FB; issues will be different on platforms; Senators in purple states will post less polarizing posts
- Methodology: Looked at FB/Twitter posts for 9 individuals
- Conclusion: Twitter is more in use by Senators, use FB to reaffirm their tweets, highlights segmentation
135
Group 4: Trump's Tweets
- Hypothesis: Thought that Trump would tweet most about personal interest or current news
- Methodology: Trump's twitter archive
- Conclusion: uses political events with a self-centered focus; bolsters himself; makes his own agenda
136
Group 5: US News Agenda
- Hypothesis: TRUMPCON high, inconsistency between partisan outlets
- Methodology: Tracked American news sources, top 3 stories over 12 day period, once a day
- Conclusion: top stories were gun, trumpcon, tradepol; "scandal politics," cataclysmic events, rapid-onset event theory
137
Group 6: International News Agenda
- Hypothesis: What issues are the highest on the international news agenda
- Methodology: tracked 10 international news sources every day, once a day, for a 12 day period
- Conclusion: Sensationalism highly prevalent in news, especially in Western regions
138
Group 8: News Popularity in America
- Hypothesis: Liberal outlets will focus on more social issues, Republicans will focus on government issues
- Methodology: Consecutive=trending for 3+ days
- Conclusion: Republicans not really government related, but more societal threats
139
Group 9: Journalists' Agenda in Press Briefings
- Hypothesis: Spikes in topics will correspond with triggering events
- Methodology: American Presidency Project, press briefing analysis over 5 month span
- Conclusion: Top issues were North Korea, Middle East Conflict, and Trade Policy
140
Group 10: Episodic vs. Thematic Framing
- Hypothesis: Does framing vary across outlets/issues?
- Methodology: Looked at American news sources over a 12 day period, rated stories on a 4 point scale
- Conclusion: 62.3% episodic, 37.7% thematic; TRUMPCON and conservative outlets were overwhelmingly episodic
