Final Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
Respiratory distres s syndrome is result of- production of?
a. Yolk protein
b. Mucus
c. Surfactant
A
c. Surfactant
2
Q
The-cloaca!
a. anal opening
l1) ~) part of the hindgut
c. part of the midgut
d. anal membrane
A
part of the hindgut
3
Q
The appendix is an out growth of the? a. Foregut ( 5) Midgut '--c~ Hindgut d. Aria] diverticulum
A
Midgut
4
Q
the cerebrum develops from a. forebrain b. midbrain c. hindbrain , d. , combination of above
A
combination of above
5
Q
the-· nerve to the 6t 1 arch is a. 5 b. 7 C. 9 d 10
A
d. 10
6
Q
the cartilage of the second arch a. forms the greater horn of hyoid b. forms the mandible ( ~ ) forms the stapels --d. associated with the stapelfongineal muscle
A
froms the stapels
7
Q
Chorionic villi, primary
A
begin to branch at end of 2nd wk, mesenchyme grows into the primary villi forming core of loose mesenchymal connectice tissue
8
Q
Chorionic villi, secondary
A
(mesenchyme grows into the primary villi forming core of loose mesenchymal connectice tissue, cover the entire corionic sac
9
Q
Chorionic villi, tertiary
A
(when capillaries are visible in the villi),
10
Q
Chorionic villi, stem/anchoring
A
(villi that attach to the maternal tissues through the cytotrophoblastic shell)
11
Q
Chorionic villi, branch/terminal
A
(villi that grow from the sides of the stem villi, through the walls of branch/terminal villi that the main exchange of material between the blood of mother and embryo)
12
Q
Stomodeum
A
the oropharyngeal membrane separates the foregut from the stomodeum. (a depression between the brain and pericardium
13
Q
Septum transversum / central tendon of diaphragm
A
septum transversum develops into the central tendon of the diaphragm
14
Q
Umbilical cord / connecting stalk
A
Umbilical cord forms the connecting stalk
15
Q
Fourth Week
A
Pharyngeal arches
Otic pits
Lens placodes
16
Q
Lens placodes
A
ectodermal thickenings, indicating the future lenses of the eyes
17
Q
Otic pits
A
by day 26 to 27 they are visible, along with the primordial - of internal ears
18
Q
Pharyngeal arches
A
3 pairs visible by 26 days gestation
19
Q
Fifth Week
A
Mesonephric ridge
20
Q
Mesonephric ridge
A
indicate the site of the mesonephric kidneys, which are interim organs in humans.
21
Q
Sixth Week
A
Hand plates / digital rays
Digital rays
Auricular hillocks
External acoustic / auditory meatus
22
Q
External acoustic / auditory meatus
A
pharyngeal groove becomes this
23
Q
Auricular hillocks
A
several small swellings that develop around the pharyngeal groove or cleft between the first 2 pharyngeal arches
24
Q
Digital rays
A
the promience of the digits begin to develop in the hand plates, indicating the formation of the digits
25
Hand plates / digital rays-
upper limb begins to show regional differentiation as the elbows and large hand plates develop
26
Seventh Week
Limb changes
| Yolk stalk
27
Yolk stalk
the communication between the primordial gut and yolk sac is now reduced to a relatively slender duct, the yolk stalk
28
Limb changes
undergo considerable changes during 7th week
29
Eighth week
Scalp vascular plexus
| Purposeful limb movements
30
Purposeful limb movements
first occur during 8th week
31
Ninth week
Short legs and small thighs
| Liver / major site of erythropoiesis
32
Liver / major site of erythropoiesis
liver is the major site of erythropoiesis at beginning of fetal period
33
Short legs and small thighs
early in the 9th week the legs are short and the thighs are relatively small.
34
Tenth Week
Intestinal coils
35
Intestinal coils
clearly visible in the proximal end of the umbilical cord until the middle of the 10th week
36
Eleventh Week
the intestines have returned to the abdomen
37
Twelfth Week
External genitalia
Primary ossification centers
Erythropoiesis / spleen
Urine formation
38
Urine formation
urine formation begins between 9th and 12th weeks, and urine is discharged into the amniotic fluid
39
Erythropoiesis / spleen-
by the end of the 12th week, erythropoiesis is decreased in liver and has begun in the spleen
40
Primary ossification centers-
by the end of 12 weeks the primary ossifcation centers appear in the skeleton, especially in the cranium and long bones
41
External genitalia
- the mature form is not established until week 12
42
Thirteen to Sixteen Weeks
Growth- growth is very rapid during these weeks
43
Slow eye movements
occur at the 14th week
44
Sixteenth Week
Ovaries contain primordial follicles
Bones clearly visible
External genitalia
45
Bones clearly visible
at the beginning of week 16, the bones are clearly visible on ultrasound images of the mothers abdomen
46
Ovaries contain primordial follicles
the ovaries in female fetuses are differentiated and contain primary follicles that have oogonia
47
External genitalia
can be recognized by 16th week
48
Seventeenth Week
Growth slows down
49
Eighteenth Week
Uterus formation
| Oogonia formation
50
Uterus formation
forms in the female fetuses and canalization of the vagina has begun
51
Oogonia formation
by this time, many primordial ovarian follicles containg oogonia have formed
52
Twentieth Week
Quickening
Brown fat
Eyebrows / hair
Testes formation
53
Quickening
the limbs reach their final relative proportions and fetal movements known as quickening are commonly felt by the mother
54
Brown fat
begins to form and is the site of heat production
55
Eyebrows / hair
visible at 20 weeks
56
Testes formation
they begin to descend, but are still located in the posterior abdominal wall
57
Twenty One to Twenty Five Weeks
Weight gain-
Blink - startle responses
Type II penumocytes
finger nails
58
Weight gain-
is substantial at this point (21-25 weeks)
59
Type II penumocytes
the secretory epithelial cells in the intraveolar walls of the lung have begun to secrete surfactant, a surface- active lipid that maintains the patency of the developing alveoli of the lungs
60
Blink - startle responses
they have been reported at 22 to 23 wks following application of a vibroacoustic noise source to the mothers abdomen
61
finger nails
present (21-25 weeks)
62
Twenty Six to Twenty Nine Weeks
Lungs
| Fetal spleen / hemopoiesis
63
Lungs
lungs are now capable of breathing air
| Eyelids open at week 26
64
Fetal spleen / hemopoiesis
the spleen is now an important site of hemopoiesis
65
Thirty to Thirty four Weeks
Skin pink- and smooth
| Upper and lower limbs chubby
66
Thirty Five to Thirty Eight Weeks
Nervous system
Weight 3400 gm
Testes descends to scrotum
67
Nervous system
is sufficiently mature to carry out some integrative functions
68
Weight 3400 gm
normal fetuses usually weigh this
69
Testes descends to scrotum
usually in the scrotum in full term male infants
70
Expected Date of Delivery
266 days or 38 weeks after fertilization
71
Glucose, amino acids, insulin
primary source of energy for fetal metabolism and growth
72
Cigarette smoking
the growth rate of fetuses of mothers who smoke is less than normal during the last 6-8 wks
73
Fetal starvation-
chronic reduction of uterine blood flow can cause this.
| Causes for IUGR / Down syndrom
74
Perinatal medicine
combines aspects of obstetrics and pediatrics
75
Amniocentosis
common invasive prenatal diagnostic procedure, amniotic fluid is sampled by inserting a hollow needle through the mothers abdomen piercing the chorion and amnion
76
Chorionic villi sampling
needle goes into the uterine cavity
77
Cell culture
- fetal sex and chromosomal aberrations can also be determined by studing the sex chromosomes in the cultural fetal cells obtained during amniocentesis
78
HDN
hemolytic disease of the newborn can be saved by receiving intrauterine blood transfusions
79
Percutaneous umbilical cord puncture
blood can be transfused directly into the fetal cardiovascular system
80
Placenta / fetal and maternal parts
- fetal part develops from part of the chorionic sac and maternal part is derived from the endometrium
81
Decidua / 3 parts
deciduas basalis
Deciduas capsularis
Deciduas parietalis
82
deciduas basalis
part of the deciduas deep to the conceptus that forms the maternal part of the placenta.
83
Deciduas capsularis
superficial part of the decidua overlying the conceptus.
84
Deciduas parietalis
all the remaining parts
85
Syncytiotrophoblast-
this is where many of the deciual cells degenerate and along with the maternal blood and uterine secretions provide a rich source of nutrition for the embryo
86
Smooth chorion
chorionic villi degenerate producing a avascular bare area
87
Villous chorion-
the bushy part of the chorionic sac
88
Formation of placenta - fetal and maternal parts
fetal is formed by the villous chorion, maternal is formed by the deciduas basalis
89
Placental septa
the erosion of the decidual tissue produces several wedge shaped areas of deciduas called this
90
Cotyledons-
the placental septa divides the fetal part of the placenta into irregular convex areas
91
Intervillous space
contains maternal blood, which is derived from the lacunae that developed in the syncytiotropoblast
92
Spiral arteries-
the maternal blood enters the intervillous space from these in the deciduas basalis
93
Amniochorionic membrane
- amnion and smooth chorion fuse to form, this is what ruptures during labor
94
Umbilical arteries-
poorly oxygenated blood leaves the fetus and passes through these to the placenta
95
Chorionic arteries
at the attachment of the cord to the placenta, these arteries divide into a number of radially disposed
96
Umbilical vein
carries oxygen rich blood to the fetus
97
Fetal hyopoxia
reductions of uteroplacental circulation result in this
98
IUGR
intrauterine growth retardation
99
Placental membrane
composite membrane that consists of the extrafetal tissues separating the maternal and fetal blood. Consists of 4 layers until about 20 wks (synctiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, connective tissue villlus and endo thelium o fetla capallaries) full term usually only has 3 layers in most places
100
Syncytial knots
numerous nuclei in the syncytiotrophoblast of the ville aggregate to form these.
101
Nutritional substances
water glucose and vitamins
102
Hormones
protein hormones don’t reach the embryo or fetus in significant amounts except for slow transfer of thryroxine and triodothyronie. Steroid hormones pass the placental membrane freely
103
Antibodies
maternal antibodies confer fetal immunity for diseases such as diptheria, smallpox and measles. No immunity for whooping cough or chickenpox
104
Waste products
urea and uric acid pass through the placental membrane by simple diffusion and bilirubin is quickly cleared.
105
Heroin
fetal drug addiction may occur after maternal use of drugs such as heroin and newborn infants may experience withdrawal symptoms
106
Fetal infection
infectious agents may pass through the placental membrane and cause this
107
Rubella virus
severe congenital anomalies may result
108
Microorganisms
can cross the plasma membrane and enter the fetal blood (treponema pallidum- causes syphilis and toxoplasma gondii- produces destructive changes in the brain and eyes)
109
Hormones for parturition
corticotrophin, adrenocortiotropin (ACTH), cortisol, oxytocin
110
1st stage of labor
dilation stage begins with objective evidence of progressive dilation of the cervix, average duration of the first stages about 12 hrs for the first pregnancies and about 7 for women who had a kid already
111
3rd stage of labor
begins as soon as baby is born and ends when the placenta and membranes are expelled – 15 min in most pregnancies, retraction of the uterus and manual compression of the abdomen reduce the area of placental attachment
112
2nd stage of labor
cervix is fully dilated and ends with delivery of baby- 50 min for first kid 20 for having previous kid
113
4th stage of labor
recovery stage, begins as soon as the placenta and fetal membranes are expelled- 2 hrs, contractions of the uterus constrict the spiral arteries, preventing excessive bleeding.
114
Umbilical cord
the cord usually has 2 arteries and 1 vein that are surrounded by mucoid connective tissue (Wharton’s Jelly). True knots may tighten the cord and cause fetal death secondary to fetal anoxia
115
Amnion, amniotic sac, amniotic fluid
amnion forms a fluid filled membranous amniotic sac that surrounds the embryo and fetus, amniotic fluid plays a major role in fetal growth and development.
116
Yolk sac
- by 20 wks the sac is very small and usually not visible, recognizable in ultrasound until end of first trimester
117
Fate of yolk sac
usually detaches from the midgut loop by the end of 6th week. In about 2 percent of the adults, the proximal intra-abdominal part of the yolk stalk persists as an ileas diverticulum, known clinically as a Meckel’s diverticulum
118
Allantois
during 2nd moth of development, the extraembryonic part of the allantois degenerates, its blood vessels become umbilical vein and arteries, as bladder enlarges, the allantois involutes to form a thick tube (urachus), after birth the urachus becomes the median umbilical ligament which extends from the apex of the urinary bladder to the umbilicus
119
Dizygotic twins
- result from fertilization of 2 oocytes by 2 different sperm. They always have 2 amnions and 2 chorions, but the chorions and placentas may be fused
120
Monozygotic twins
develop from the fertilization of one oocyte and develop from 1 zygote, same sex and look almost the same, share a common placenta, a monochorionic diamniotic twin placenta
121
Other types of multiple births
- triplets may be derived from 1 zygote and be identical 2 zygotes and consist of identical twins and a singleton, 3 zygote an may be of same or different sex, in which case the infants are no more similar than infants from 3 different pregnancies. Similar in quadruplets, quintuplets, sextuplets, etc
122
Teratology
- study of abnormal development
123
Thalidomide
reports of several limb anomalies and other developmental defects. (mild sedative)
124
Nondisjunction
error in cell division, a chromosome pair or chromatids of a chromosome fail to disjoin during mitosis or meiosis
125
Turner’s syndrome
phenotype of this is a female, secondary sexual characteristics do not develop in 90% of gilrs with turners. The monosomy X chromosome abnormality is most common cytogenic abnormality
126
Mosaicism
2 or more cell types containing different numbers of chromosomes (normal and abnormal), leads to a less severe phenotype and the affected individuals may have a nearly normal IQ
127
Translocation-
the transfer of a piece of one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome, if 2 nonhomologous chromosomes exchange it is called reciprocal translocation
128
Deletion-
when a chromosome breaks and a portion may be lost
129
Critical period for brain development
wks 3-16
130
Phenytoin
a well known human teratogen, 5-10% of embryo exposed to this anticonvulsant medication develop the fetal hydantoin syndrome
131
Fetal hypoxia
can affect fetal growth and development
132
Caffeine
not known to be a human teratogen, but no assurance that heavy maternal consumption is safe for the embryo
133
DES-
diethylstilbestrol, if exposed to this the probability of developing cancer in females at an early age
134
Tetracycline
cross the placental membrane and are deposited in embryo bones and teeth at sites of active calcification
135
Streptomyecin
in more than 30 cases of hearing deficit and eighth cranial nerve damage.
136
Penicillin
has been used extensively during pregnancy, appears harmless
137
Warfarin
an anticoagulant, definitely a tertogen
138
Heparin
does not cross the placental membrane
139
Fetal hydration syndrome
occurs in 5-10 % of children born to mother treated with phenytoins or hydantoin anticonvulsants
140
Valporic acid
has been the drug of choice for the management of epilepsy, lead to a pattern of anomalies consisteing of craniofacial, heart, limb defects and increased risk of neural tube defects
141
Phenobarbital
considered to be a safe anti epileptic drug for use during pregnancy
142
Bendectin
considered to be nonteratogenic in humans
143
Aminopterin
known potent teratogen
144
Angiotensin - converting enzyme-
exposure of fetus to ACE inhibtors causes fetal death, long lasting hypoplasia of the bones
145
Retinoic acid (vitamin A)-
used for oral treatment of cystic acne, teratongenic in humans, critical period for exposure 3rd to 5th wk, risk of spontaneous abortion and birth defects after exposure to retinoic acid is high
146
Aspirin-
large doses are harmful
147
Cretinism
arrested physical and mental development and dystrophy of bones and soft parts
148
Thalidomide (seal limbs)-
potent teratogen, now used for treatment of leprosy
149
Benzodiazepine derivatives
are psychoactive drugs frequently used by women (diazepam and oxasepam)
150
Transient withdrawal syndrome-
the use of hydanton syndrome of these drugs during 1st trimester of pregnancy is associated with this
151
Marijuana
teratogen during the first 2 months of pregnancy, affects fetal length and birth weight
152
Cocaine-
one of most commonly abused illicit drugs in north America
153
Methodane / behavioral teratogen
used for treatment of heroine addiction, found to have CNS dysfunction and smaller birth weights and head circumferences, long term postnatal effects of methadone
154
Fetal Minamata disease
mothers diet consists mainly fish containing abnormally high levels of organic mercury.
155
Methyl mercury
a teratogen that causes cerebral atrophy, spasticity, seizures and mental retardation
156
Lead-
prenatal exposure to lead is associated w/ an increased incidence of abortion, fetal anomalies, IUGR and functional deficits. Children exhibit neurobehavioral and psychomotor disturbances
157
Rubella / congenital rubella syndrome
crosses the placental membrane and infects the embryo. Clinical features are cataract, cardiac defects and deafness
158
CMV
cytomegalovirus, most common viral infection of the human fetus. Can be associated audiological, neurological and neurobehavorial disturbances in infancy
159
HSV
Herpes simplex virus maternal infection w/ HSV in early pregnancy increases the abortion rate threefold. Infection of the fetus w HSV usually occurs very late in pregnancy, prob most often during delivery
160
Varicella - zoster virus
maternal varicella infection during the first 4 months of pregnancy causes congenital anomalies. (shingles)
161
HIV / AIDS
HIV virus is the retrovirus that causes AIDS
162
Toxoplasma gondii / mental deficiency
eating raw or poorly cooked meat, usually pork or lamb contains this. The organism crosses the placental membrane and infects the fetus causing destructive changes in the brain and eyes that result in mental deficiency and other anomalies.
163
Treponema pallidum
the small spiral microorganism that causes syphilis
164
High levels of ionizing radiation
may injure embryonic cells, resulting in cell death, chromosomal injury and retardation of mental development
165
Diabetes mellitus. Macrosomia, holoprocencephaly
Macrosomia- infant of diabetic mother will be usually large. Holoprocencephaly- failure of forebrain to divide into hemispheres.
166
Congenital dislocation of the hip and clubfoot
may be caused by mechanical forces particularly in a malformed uterus
167
Multifactoral inheritance-
traits are often single major anomalies, such as cleft palate, isolated cleft palate and neural tube defects.
168
Intraembryonic celom
early in 4th week it forms the primordium of embryonic body cavity.
169
Pericardial cavity
- the cranial end represents this
170
Pleural cavity
lateral extensions indicate this
171
Peritoneal cavity
- lateral extensions indicate this
172
Ventral mesentery
this degenerates resulting in a large embryonic peritoneal cavity extending from heart to pelvic region
173
Somatic mesoderm-
body cavities are lined by mesothelium derived from this
174
Splanchnic mesoderm
covers the visceral wall
175
Dorsal mesentery
suspends the forgut, midgut, and hindgut from the posterior abdominal wall
176
Mesenteries
a double layer of peritoneum that covers an organ, connects the organ to the body wall and conveys its vessels and nerves
177
Arteries supplying the primordial gut
pass between the layers of the dorsal mesentery a: celiac trunk (foregut) b: superior mesenteric artery (midgut) c: inferior mesenteric artery (hindgut).
178
Septum transversum
a thick plate of mesoderm that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk
179
Central tendon of diaphragm-
the septum transversum is the primordium of this
180
Primordial mediastinum
by the 7th week this separates the pericardial cavity from the pleural cavities
181
Development of diaphragm
it develops from the septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membrane, dorsal mesentery of esophagus and lateral body walls
182
Crura of the diaphragm
develop from the myoblasts that grow into the dorsal mesentery of the esophagus
183
Phrenic nerves-
C3, C4 and C5 supply the motor innervation to the diaphragm
184
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)-
a posterolateral defect of the diaphragm through which hernias occur- most common anamoly. Life threatening difficulties may be associated with this bc of inhibition of development and inflation of the lungs
185
Gastroschisis and Congenital Epigastric Hernia-
represent an uncommon type of hernia that occurs in the median plane between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus. Small intestine herniates into the amniotic cavity and amniotic fluid- can be detected prenatally by ultrasound
186
Retrosternal (parasternal) hernia
may occur through sternocostal hiatus located between the sternal and costal parts of the diaphragm. Herniation of intestine into the pericardial cavity may occur or part of the heart may descend into the peritoneal cavity
