final

Question 1

dolinas fill with what

Answer 1

breccia

Question 2

laetoli site was studied by whom

Answer 2

mary leakey

Question 3

what is the koobi fora and laetoli sites both known for

Answer 3

well-preserved footprints

Question 4

where were the oldest stone tools found

Answer 4

kada gona

Question 5

location of an ethiopian site

Answer 5

afar depression

Question 6

what was the site near awash river?

Answer 6

hadar

Question 7

a primitive trait inherited by a species from their ancestor

Answer 7

plesiomorphic

Question 8

new or derived trait that first appears in the given species

Answer 8

apomorphic

Question 9

the actual evolutionary relationships between organisms

Answer 9

phylogeny

Question 10

the process of categorizing organisms based on their phylogenetic relationships

Answer 10

taxonomy

Question 11

what are the 4 genera of humans

Answer 11

ardipithecus, australopithecus, paranthropus, homo

Question 12

what type of hominin were lucy and selam?

Answer 12

au afarensis

Question 13

what type of hominin were taung child and mrs ples?

Answer 13

au africanus

Question 14

what are the 3 structures of the masticatory apparatus

Answer 14

temporali muscle, masseter muscle, sagittal crest

Question 15

how do you calculate intermembral index

Answer 15

arm length / leg length x 100

Question 16

4 differences between rudolfensis and habilis

Answer 16

larger brain, larger cheek teeth, smaller browridge, longer/flatter face

Question 17

simple divergent evolution

Answer 17

seperate species evolve from a common ancestor

Question 18

replacement evolution

Answer 18

seperate species evolve in a line and replace their ancestors

Question 19

a formula allowing a comparison of brain-to-body-size ratios

Answer 19

encephalization quotient

Question 20

what are the 2 theories for why hominins developed large heads?

Answer 20

socialization and the development of language

Question 21

what is dissembling?

Answer 21

lying to maintain order

Question 22

what are 3 theories for bipedalism?

Answer 22

tool use, thermoregulation, efficiency of locomotion

Question 23

why did thermoregulation likely occur in hominin evolutionary history?

Answer 23

moving from forests to open environments

Question 24

3 types of sweat glands

Answer 24

sebaceous, apocrine, eccrine

Question 25

what type of body shape does thermoregulation work best for?

Answer 25

tall, narrow

Question 26

what 4 things happened in hominin evolution around 2 mya?

Answer 26

shrinking of forests to grasslands, long bodies with long legs for bipedalism, thermoregulation, and reliance on meat eating

Question 27

where was "twiggy" found?

Answer 27

dmanisi, georgia

Question 28

between which 2 early homo species is there a large jump in cranial size?

Answer 28

habilis/rudolfensis and ergaster

Question 29

what is a prominent site in asia for homo erectus fossils?

Answer 29

java, indonesia

Question 30

which hominin is hobbit-like?

Answer 30

homo floresiensis

Question 31

sediments with particles oriented south have to be at least how old?

Answer 31

780,000 years

Question 32

what is characteristic of the mauer mandible found in germany?

Answer 32

it is a massive lower mandible with small teeth

Question 33

what is the demographic of most of the fossils found at sime de los huesos?

Answer 33

young adults

Question 34

dental enamel hypoplasia

Answer 34

interrupted growth lines due to nutritional stress

Question 35

what did the sima hominin "miguelon" die from?

Answer 35

septicemia (blood poisoning)

Question 36

what did the sima hominin "agamenon" die from?

Answer 36

otitis (severe ear infection)

Question 37

what is something interesting about the skulls found in krapina, croatia?

Answer 37

cutmarks and burning might indicate cannibalism

Question 38

remains from what age person were found in roc de marsal, france?

Answer 38

2-4 year old child

Question 39

where are the earliest neandertal remains found?

Answer 39

ehringsdorf, germany

Question 40

where is the latest neandertal remains found?

Answer 40

mezmaiskaya cave, russia

Question 41

bergmann's rule

Answer 41

body mass tends to be greater in colder climates

Question 42

allen's rule

Answer 42

shorter appendages are advantageous in colder climates

Question 43

what is the site at which a debatably seperate hominin species was discovered?

Answer 43

denisova cave, siberia

Question 44

when do the first anatomically modern humans appear?

Answer 44

250-150 kya

Question 45

on what continent were the oldest anatomically modern human remains found?

Answer 45

africa

Question 46

sinodonty

Answer 46

shovel-shaped incisors

Question 47

2 hypothesis for why humans evolved to eat meat

Answer 47

expensive tissue hypothesis, cooking hypothesis

Question 48

supraorbital torus

Answer 48

browridge

Question 49

supratoral sulcus

Answer 49

channel above browridge

Question 50

from which homo species did neandertals evolve from

Answer 50

heidelbergensis

Question 51

how many years ago did neandertals disappear?

Answer 51

30k

Question 52

2 theories for why h. sapiens sapiens is the only hominin species on earth today

Answer 52

complete replacement/"out of africa" hypothesis; regional continuity hypothesis

Question 53

what are 2 pieces of genetic evidence supporting the out of africa hypothesis?

Answer 53

modern humans lack variety in our mtDNA and Y chromosomes, except for african people who have the most variety

Question 54

what is a piece of genetic evidence against the regional continuity hypothesis?

Answer 54

modern europeans do not have more neandertal DNA than modern asians, despite there supposedly having been interbreeding in europe