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Linguistics > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

assimilation

A

phonetic change- sounds next to each other become more alike to make it easier to say, ex: irregular

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2
Q

deletion

A

phonetic change- sounds are omitted, like when speaking quickly (ex: laboratory)

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3
Q

insertion

A

phonetic change- put in another sound to help make a big sound easier (ex: length as lenkth)

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4
Q

metathesis

A

phonetic change- sounds reverse in order to make easier ot say (ex: aks)

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5
Q

closed class morpheme

A

aux. verbs, determiners, prepositions, conjunctions, inflectional suffixes, pronouns

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6
Q

open class morpheme

A

nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, derivational suffixes

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7
Q

free morpheme

A

stand by itself

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8
Q

bound morpheme

A

must attach to a free morpheme

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9
Q

allomorph

A

different realizations of the same morpheme (ex: in-, im- ir- and il-

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10
Q

compound word formation

A

two free morphemes (lipstick)

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11
Q

affix word formation

A

bound and free morpheme together (ex: prefix and suffix)

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12
Q

alphabetism

A

word formation by acronym where all letters are pronounced, ex: DVD

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13
Q

acronomy

A

word formation where letters are pronounced like a word (gif)

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14
Q

clipping

A

word formation- shortened near morpheme boundary (ex: gas from gasoline)

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15
Q

backformation

A

remove what looks like an affix (emote)

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16
Q

blending word formation

A

clipping and compounding at once (Spanglish)

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17
Q

shifting

A

change part of speech (increase, spam)

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18
Q

reanalysis

A

redistribute sounds in a morpheme (apron, afar)

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19
Q

reduplication

A

repeat sounds (okey-dokey)

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20
Q

meronym

A

parts of a whole (ex: dog, tail, fur)

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21
Q

hyponym

A

tree relationship with words (ex: dog, boxer, terrier)

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22
Q

homonym

A

same spelling, but different meaning

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23
Q

homophone

A

words that sound the same

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24
Q

homograph

A

words that are spelled thee same

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25
Q

gereralization

A

semantic change- a word comes to mean more, broader

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26
Q

metaphorical extension

A

semantic change- like gereralization,a word comes to mean more because of a common metaphor, sometimes to fill lexical gaps, poetic reasons (ex: mice)

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27
Q

euphemism

A

semantic change- trying to make something sound more positive (passed away)

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28
Q

dysphemism

A

semantic change- try to make a word sound worse (chink)

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29
Q

pejoration

A

semantic change- a word becomes more negative (ex: awful)

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30
Q

amelioration

A

semantic change- a word becomes more positive

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31
Q

reappropriation

A

semantic change- negative name gets used positively

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32
Q

locutionary act

A

literal meaning

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33
Q

illocutionary act

A

what the speaker is actually trying to communicate

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34
Q

prelocutionary act

A

how the listener understands what the speaker said

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35
Q

maxim of quantity

A

informative as required, but not too much

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36
Q

maxim of quality

A

don’t lie, do not say what you lack evidence

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37
Q

maxim of relation

A

be relevant

38
Q

maxim of manner

A

avoid obscurity, ambiguity, be brief and orderly

39
Q

positive politeness

A

giving compliments, friendly, thanking

40
Q

negative politeness

A

deference, apologizing, indirect speech acts to make orders

41
Q

face-threatening act

A

utterance that challenges the level of politeness

42
Q

reference cohesion

A

element of cohesion- reference to an antecedent (ex: pronoun)

43
Q

ellipsis and substitution cohesion

A

element of cohesion- leaving out somethig metioned earlier (would you like to go? I would) and using did (she did)

44
Q

conjunction cohesion

A

a logical semantic relationship is being expressed (prep phrase, conjunction, clause, etc)

45
Q

lexical cohesion

A

repetition of words in sentences, use of synonyms to create semantic connections, use of collocations

46
Q

The four elements of cohesion

A

reference, ellipsis and subsitution, conjunction, lexical

47
Q

prosodic stress

A

natural way we speak

48
Q

metrical stress

A

styled stress in a poem

49
Q

anaphora

A

repetition of word or group of words in the same place in a clause

50
Q

caesura

A

syntactic break in the line (Tyger! Tyger!)

51
Q

enjambment

A

no syntactic break at the end of a line

52
Q

m

A

m- labial, nasal, voiced

53
Q

p

A

p- bilabial unvoiced stop

54
Q

b

A

b- bilabial voiced stop

55
Q

w

A

w- bilabial voiced glide

56
Q

f

A

f- labiodental unvoiced fricative

57
Q

v

A

v- labiodental voiced fricative

58
Q

θ

A

th as in path- interdental unvoiced fricative

59
Q

ð

A

th as in the- interdental voiced fricative

60
Q

t

A

t- alveolar unvoiced stop

61
Q

d

A

d- alveolar voiced stop

62
Q

s

A

s as in sap- alveolar unvoiced fricative

63
Q

z

A

z as in zap- alveolar voiced fricative

64
Q

n

A

n as in new- alveolar voiced nasal

65
Q

l

A

l- lateral alveolar voiced liquid

66
Q

r

A

r- bunched alveolar voiced liquid

67
Q

ʃ

A

sh as in shine- alveo palatal unvoiced fricative

68
Q

ʒ

A

s as in measure- alveo palatal voiced fricative

69
Q

tʃ

A

ch as in chill- alveo palatal unvoiced affricative

70
Q

dʒ

A

j as in jello- alveo palatal voiced affricative

71
Q

k

A

k as in king- velar unvoiced stop

72
Q

g

A

g as in go- velar voiced stop

73
Q

ŋ

A

ng as in ring- velar voiced nasal

74
Q

j

A

y as in yellow- alveo palatal voiced glide

75
Q

h

A

h as in happy- glottal unvoiced fricative

76
Q

i

A

beat- tense front high

77
Q

ɪ

A

bit- front high lax

78
Q

e

A

bait- front mid tense

79
Q

ɛ

A

bet- front mid lax

80
Q

æ

A

bat- front low lax

81
Q

ə

A

about- central mid lax unstressed syllable

82
Q

ʌ

A

was- central mid lax stressed syllable

83
Q

u

A

boot- back high tense

84
Q

ʊ

A

good- back high lax

85
Q

o

A

boat- back mid tense

86
Q

ɔ

A

bought- back mid lax

87
Q

ɑ

A

cot or awe- back low lax

88
Q

aɪ

A

buy

89
Q

ɔɪ

A

boy

90
Q

aʊ

A

bow

91
Q

overt prestige

A

value given to standards

92
Q

covert prestige

A

value given to nonstandard varieties of langauge

Linguistics (1 decks)

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