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General Logic > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Give the precise definition of a proposition

A

A statement, either true or false, that suggests a conclusion to accompany it

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2
Q

If it is possible for the premises of an argument to be true and the conclusion false, an argument is what?

A

Inductive

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3
Q

Define deductive argument

A

an argument in which the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises (if the premises are true, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false)

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4
Q

“The defendant is a freshman at Vanderbilt. Therefore, the defendant must have painted the graffiti on the Peabody Library steps.” This argument is:

A

Inductive, weak

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5
Q

Example of a compound proposition

A

(AB) U (CD)

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6
Q

What is the column under the major operator for the relational classification for inconsistent statements?

A

The columns must not match, with the exception of lines that both have false truth values

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7
Q

List three words that should be translated as *

A

and, also, both

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8
Q

Example of a sentence using a conditional

A

If I bought a puppy, then my life would be better.

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9
Q

Translate: Unless you Pay for the music you download, you will be Arrested

A

~P (horseshoe) A

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10
Q

Translate: Either Miley cyrus is the best songwriter, or her dad Billy ray isn’t telling the truth and I am Disappointed

A

M v (B*D)

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11
Q

Translate: If Neil Young writes a song, then if Stephen Colbert sings the song on his show, then Paulo and Eric will dance in front of the TV

A

N (hs) [S (hs) (P*E)]

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12
Q

Translate: Maya won’t walk in the Rain, but she will walk in the Dark unless she neither took her Medicine nor Ate a peanut butter kong

A

R * [~ (~M * ~A) (hs) D]

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13
Q

Translate: Shannon Cries if and only if the Tar Heels do not Win and Duke does not Lose

A

C -= (~W*~L)

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14
Q

Joel Berry pays Well at point guard, but he doesn’t Graduate from UNC unless he Does his homework and Attends class

A

W * [~ (D*A) (hs) ~G]

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15
Q

define contingent statement

A

a statement that is neither necessarily true nor necessarily false

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16
Q

non-contingent statement

A

a statement such that the truth values in the main operator column do not depend on the truth values of the component parts

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17
Q

tautology

A

a statement that is necessarily true

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18
Q

self-contradiction

A

a statement that is necessarily false

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19
Q

logically equivalent

A

two truth-functional statements that have identical truth tables under the main operator are logically equivalent

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20
Q

contradictory statements

A

two statements that have opposite truth values under the main operator on every line of their respective truth tables

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21
Q

consistent statements

A

two or more statements that have at least one line on their respective truth tables where the main operators are true

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22
Q

inconsistent statements

A

two or more statements that do not have even one line on their respective truth tables where the main operators are true (but they can be false) at the same time

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23
Q

Give an example of an inference using obversion

A

All dogs are animals that go to heaven / No dogs are non-animals that go to heaven

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24
Q

Contraposition is valid for what two kinds of propositions?

A

A and O

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25
What does it mean for a term to be distributed?
The term says something about every member of the class.
26
What do we call the predicate of the conclusion of a categorical syllogism?
The major term
27
Rule #1
The middle term must be distributed in at least one premise
28
Rule #2
If a term is distributed in the conclusion, then it must be distributed in a premise
29
Rule #3
A categorical syllogism cannot have two negative premises
30
Rule #4
A negative premise must have a negative conclusion
31
Rule #5
A negative conclusion must have a negative premise
32
Rule #6
Two universal premises cannot have a particular conclusion
33
Give an example of an appeal to ignorance
There is no proof that Elise does not hate Calle. Therefore, Elise hates Callie.
34
Give the general form and an example of a hasty generalization fallacy
If one A does something, then all As do the same thing. | Yesterday I saw a frat boy being rude to a cashier. Therefore, all frat boys are rude to cashiers
35
List two of the properties connoted by the following term: politician
greedy, deceitful
36
Name two things denoted by the following term: novel
Catcher in the Rye, Tom Sawyer
37
Determine the kind of definition: A scorpion is the animal that happens to be crawling on your back
Ostensive
38
Determine the kind of definition: "Misdemeanor" means petty theft, prostitution, public intoxication, among other things
Definition by subclass
39
Determine the kind of definition: The term "sandwich" typically means a prepared food of two or more slices of bread with meat, cheese, vegetables, and a condiment
Lexical definition
40
Determine the kind of definition: "Rich" means someone who has over $1 million
Stipulative
41
Determine the kind of definition: The term "hammer" means a tool used for driving nails
Functional
42
What kind of meaning does the following contain: Reality TV shows glorify mediocrity
Emotional
43
What kind of meaning does the following contain: There are millions of stars in our galaxy alone. The probability that at least one of those stars has a planet.... intelligent life...
Cognitive
44
P1: My pay raise is pathetic P2: Pay raises destroy the ability of employers to make a reasonable profit
Verbal
45
P1: The bottle contains mineral water P2: No it doesn't. It contains distilled water
Factual
46
Determine if a sufficient condition exists: If I live in North America, then I live in Colorado
No
47
Determine if a sufficient condition exists: I live in North America, only if I live in Colorado
No
48
T/F: A stipulative definition assigns a meaning to a term by providing another term with the same meaning.
False
49
T/F: Language that is used to convey information has cognitive meaning
True
50
T/F: Begging the question occurs when an argument uses pity to beg someone to accept the conclusion
False
51
T/F: Fallacies of unwarranted assumption rely on the opinions of people who have no expertise, training....
False
52
T/F: A counteranalogy is a competing analogical argument, one that compares the thing in question to something else
True
53
T/F: If an analogical argument is weak, then the conclusion must be false
False
54
Professor Smith argues for the adoption of stronger standards covering food imported from China...
Abusive ad hominem
55
Karen argues that it's not right to post the photographs of convicted child molesters on the internet...
Straw man
56
You had better believe in God, because if you don't the...
Appeal to force
57
Pet owners argue for a law to ensure that pet foo is free of lethal contaminants...
Red herring
58
Hugo lost an arm in a car accident last year...
Equivocation
59
Jackie argues in favor of reducing the patient load of our nurses
Circumstantial ad hominem
60
Every member of the drill team marches very well...
Composition
61
Yes, it is true that he killed both his parents...
Appeal to pity
62
That's a small book...
Division
63
Do you still bully little kids and take their money?
Complex question
64
What is a dialectical fallacy?
An argumentative fallacy related to the way people argue
65
An argument presents a dialectical fallacy when it what?
Fails to play its proper social role
66
According to Aristotle, we are by nature...
social and sociable beings, and we depend on each other
67
In order for our relations of mutual interdependence to have the humanizing effect that we need...
they must be reciprocal, aiming at some mutual benefit
68
What is epistemology
The area of philosophy that examines the nature of knowledge, evidence, and belief
69
When we believe, we typically have good reasons. Reasons that:
1. provide sufficient support for the beliefs we hold | 2. suggest we should reject competing beliefs
70
What is an inward-looking argument?
the attempt to articulate the basis for the beliefs we hold, to explain why we believe what we believe
71
What is an outward-looking argument?
the attempt to display to others that they have a reason to believe the way we do
72
What is cognitive hygiene?
Reviewing one's reasons and evidence when one feels concern about a belief
73
Diverting manipulation
we want to be able to distinguish between things that give the appearance of reasons, or which sound like reasons, from actual reasons
74
Distorting manipulation
we don't want to have our rational faculties channeled in a specific, predetermined direction
75
Goals of cognitive life:
1. True beliefs | 2. To be in possession of the truth--to know why what we believe is true
76
Argumentation is...
the process by which we come into possession of our beliefs
77
What is group polarization?
When one exchanges reasons about an issue only with those who agree, one's beliefs regarding that issue imperceptibly shift to more extreme versions of themselves
78
Democracy brings a duty of...
citizenship, or a duty to try to argue well
79
What is the Plato Principle?
Those who lose elections blame the citizens for being naive susceptible to the opposing party. Those who win elections generally praise the wisdom of the populace.
80
Debates
One's performance should be assessed on the quality of the arguments presented, but that is not always the case
81
Case against global cynicism
The view that argument and reasoning is just cynical manipulation must itself be the product of non-cynical argument and reasoning (self-defeating)
82
Argumentative earnestness
The norm associated with giving due attention to the quality of the reasons before us
83
Argumentative responsibility
intellectual patience and thoroughness
84
healthy social epistemic environment
one that we can reasonably count on to provide and make accessible reliable information and a broad range of reasons pertaining to public and other matters
85
input in a healthy social epistemic environment
we must be ready to express our reasons, to share info with others, and articulate questions about others' views
86
output in a healthy social epistemic environment
we must engage with and be responsible to the reasons of others
87
uptake in a healthy social epistemic environment
we must seek to engage with unfamiliar others and those who possibly hold uncommon views
88
Why do political matters have higher stakes?
What we collectively decide will deeply affect others
89
public reason
a reason that democratic citizens can share, not dependent on one's acceptance of religious or moral viewpoints
90
simple truth manipulation
uses mere assertion and "View P is simply and obviously true"
91
no reasonable opposition thesis
argument and debate with those with whom one disagrees is a pointless and futile endeavor
92
Relativism
1. self-defeating 2. misunderstands the role of truth in our cognitive lives 3. cannot fulfill promise of tolerance
93
pushover arguments
involve the misrepresentation of one's opponent's view or reasons in an attempt to make one's favored view look good by mischaracterizing the opposition's position as flimsy or trivial
94
straw man fallacy
presenting a bad version of the opponent's view
95
weak man fallacy
misrepresentation of overall state of play in a debate by refuting only one's weakest opponent
96
hollow man fallacy
creation of an argument to represent the opponent's view
97
modus tonens
author's phrase for the incredulous restatement of an opponent's view
98
Why is modus tonens vicious?
it controverts the goals of argumentative exchange
99
What is Enlightenment?
mankind's exit from self-incurred immaturity
100
private use of reason
reason must be submissive
101
public use of reason
reason must be free
102
Theaetetus' Knowledge(s)
1. knowledge is examples in geometry, astronomy, etc. 2. knowledge is perception 3. knowledge is true belief 4. knowledge is true belief with an account of the reason why the true belief is true (i.e. justification)
103
S knows that p iff
1. p is true 2. S believes that p 3. S is justified in believing that p

General Logic (1 decks)

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