Final Flashcards
(73 cards)
1
Q
Cortical layers
A
L 1 = Molecular layer L 2 = External Granular layer L 3 = External Pyramidal layer L 4 = Internal Granular layer L 5 = Internal Pyramidal layer L 6 = Multiform layer
2
Q
Layer 1
A
Molecular layer
Mostly axons
3
Q
Layer 2
A
External Granular layer
Granular (Stellate) cells
4
Q
Layer 3
A
External pyramidal layer
Primary pyramidal cells
5
Q
Layer 4
A
Internal granule layer
Main granular cell layer
6
Q
Layer 5
A
Internal pyramidal layer
Dominated by giant pyramidal cells
7
Q
Layer 6
A
Multiform layer
All types of cells (pyramidal, stellate, fusiform)
8
Q
Pyramidal cells
A
Source of Corticospinal projections
Major efferent cell
9
Q
Granule Cells
A
Short Axons (functions as interneurons -intra cortical processing)
10
Q
Excitatory granule cells
A
Release 1st degree Glutamate
11
Q
Inhibitory Granule cells
A
1st degree GABA
12
Q
Fusiform cells
A
Least numerous of the 3 (pyramidal, granule, and fusiform)
Gives rise to output fibers form cortex
13
Q
T/F
In the human cerebral cortex the largest percentage of cortical tissue produce movements when electrically stimulated?
A
False
14
Q
T/F
In the human cerebral cortex a small percentage of cortical tissue produce movements when electrically stimulated?
A
True
15
Q
Which cortical association area is associated with executive functions of behavior?
A
Prefrontal association area
16
Q
Prefrontal association area
A
- Prolonged thought processes-elaboration of thought (prefrontal lobotomy)
- executive functions of behavior (working memory)
- processing of emotion (ventral medial frontal area
- Broca’s area (formation of words
- Orbital frontal cortex
- Cells of hyperactive of OCD
- cells fire strongly when expectation not met
- functions as an error detector-alerting you that something is amiss
17
Q
Limbic Association area
A
Behavior
Emotions
Motivation
18
Q
Parieto-occipitotemporal association area
A
- Analysis of spatial coordinates of body (neglect syndrome)
- area of language comprehension (reading)
- Wernickes = general ingterpretative area (auditory, visual somatic all feed into this area)
- angular gyrus = behind wernickes (higher order visual signal processing)
- area for naming objects
- area for recognition
19
Q
Norepinephrine projections to widespread cortical areas, originate from which area?
A
Locus ceruleus
20
Q
Neurohormonal control
A
Norepinephrine system = locus ceruleus (most widespread - generally stimulatory)
21
Q
Dopamine system (substancia nigra, accurate, VTA)
A
Can +/- = neuroendocrine control (behavior)
22
Q
Serotonin system
A
Usually inhibitory, induction of sleep, pain control, and mood
23
Q
Acetylcholine system (gigantocellular)
A
Usually excitatory = part of reticular excitatory
24
Q
Most incoming sensory signals terminate in what cortical layer?
A
Layer 4
25
Cortical output layers
5 and 6
Spinal cord tracts originate in 5
Thalamic connections from layer 6
26
Incoming cortical layer
Layer 4
27
Intracortical association
1, 2, 3
| Large number of neurons in 2 & 3 short horizontal connections with adjacent cortical areas
28
The major efferent output from cortex to the spinal cord originate from which cells?
Pyramidal cells
29
T/F
Cortical herirnos that fire, when we observe somebody doing something hat helps us relate to what they are doing and perhaps is important in our acquiring those motor skills describes which neurons?
Mirror neurons
30
Mirror neurons
Cortical neurons that fire, when we observe somebody doing something that helps us relate to what they are doing.
-Formed from ventral promotor cortex and rostral part of the inferior parietal lobule (empathy)
31
What pathway is important in emotional response transfer between anterior portions of right and left temporal lobes?
Anterior commissure
32
Anterior commissure
Bidirectional communication btwn antihero portions of the temporal lobe
(Amygdala-emotional response transfer)
33
Corpus callosum
Bidirectional communication btwn most of the two cortical hemispheres except for anterior portions of the temporal lobe
-allows one hemisphere to inhibit the other
34
What is the function of cells in the orbital frontal cortex?
Function as an error detector, fire when expectation are not met
35
Orbital frontal cortex
- Cells hyperactive in OCD (cells fire strongly when expectation are not met)
- function as an error detector-alerting you that something is amiss
36
Most left handed individuals have the following cortical dominance?
LEFT
37
Dominant hemispheres
Left handed or mixed handed
-Left 70% + Right 15% + Both 15%
Right handed
-Left 96% + Right 4% + Both 0%
38
In individuals that have their corpus callosum (split brain) cut, the let hemisphere tends to match objects based on which of the following criteria?
Function
39
Split brain subjects
- Prevents information transfer from one cortex to the other
- left hemisphere - matches based on FUNCTION
- Right Hemisphere - matches based on APPEARANCE
40
In individuals that have their corpus callosum (split brain) cut, the right hemisphere tends to match objects based on what of the following criteria?
Appearance
41
After identification of a face, Projections from the fusiform gyrus to which area allow us to gage the emotional significance, if any, of what has been identified?
Amygdala
42
After phineas gage recovered what was his recovery?
Made a full physical recovery, but personality was altered
43
What is not associtated with prefrontal lobotomy
Increased level of aggression
44
Normally what allows the bulk of information transfer between cerebral hemisphere
Corpus callosum
45
In most people the right cortex si actually dominate for which of the follow functions?
Non verbal visual experiences
46
Dominant (left) side
- Language based intellectual functions
- interpretative spoken written words
- analytical functions (math)
- Speech
47
Non-dominant (usually right)
- Music
- non-verbal visual experiences (body language)
- spatial relations
48
Ventromedial frontal area
Hypothesis that emotion and its underlying neural machinery participate in decision making within the social domain
- subcortical nuclei like the amygdala and hypothalamus
- involved with basic biological regulations, emotional processing, social cognition and behavior
49
The size of a cortical body correlates best with?
The length of its axon
50
Every cubic inch of cerebral cortex has about how many miles of nerve fibers in it?
10,000
51
What area is most important in declarative/ reflective/ episodic memory función?
Hippocampus
52
Hippocampal formation
Plays an important role in declarative memory
- episodic-daily episodes of life
-semantic-factual information
Functions as a cortical gutter (sensory info is increasingly analyzed and refined as it passes from neruronal level to level)
53
Which area is important in reflexive learning (non declarative) or memory IE physical skills repeated?
Cerebellum
54
Cerebellum
Reflexive/ implicit/ skill memory
| -unconscious- associated with motor activities
55
The hippocampus receives its primary input from the entorhinal cortex via which 2 pathways?
Alveolar and perforant pathways
56
Which of the following areas promotes more flexible association with memory function?
Hippocampus
57
In memory the links between individual neurons, which bind them into a single memory are formed through which process?
Long term potentiation
58
Long term potentiation
- Memories are caused by groups fo neurons that fire together in the same pattern each time they are activated.
- links btwn individual neurons, which bind them into a single memory, are formed though these neurons
59
What maintains long term potentiation in hippocampal neurons and is though to be important in consolidation of memory?
Protein kinase M zeta
60
Protein kinase M zeta
- Maintains long term potentiation in hippocampal consolidation
- when blocked long term memory function is blocked
61
What blocks long term memory
Zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP) blocks PKM zeta
62
Innervated cells release what substance that promote proper innervation of those cells?
Nerve growth factors
63
What area controls the overall level of cortical activity, is excitatory, and a lesion here will likely result in a coma?
Reticular formation of the pons
64
Reticular excitatory area
General area/system for control of the overall level of excitation of the brain (in reticular formation of pons and midbrain)
65
Following his hippocampal removal, what memory function is still intact?
Reflexive memory
66
Which of the following neurotransmitters is not associated with wakefulness?
Serotonin
67
Wakefulness
promoted by pontomesencephalic cells located in the locus ceruleus and dorsolateral pontine tegmentum
-dopaminergic cells/ noradrenergic cells
68
Strong stimulation in the central gray surrounding the aqueduct of Sylvia’s is associated with of the following?
Unpleasant feeling
69
Punishment centers
Central gray around the aqueduct of Sylvia’s in mesencephalon extending into periventricular zones of hypothalamus and thalamus
70
Matching the nuclei with its neurotransmitter
Ventral tegmental area = dopamine
Magnocellular nucleus = acetylcholine
Locus ceruleus = norepinephrine
71
What area exerts control over both SNS, parasympathetic nervous system as well as the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
72
Hypothalamus
Major output pathway and one of the central elements form the limbic system
FXN = behavioral control vegetative state (ANS) - body temp, osmolality, motivation drives
73
Stimulation of what area will cause an animal to stop the undesired behavior?
Central gray around the aqueduct of Sylvius
