final

Question 1

Small, circular DNA not part of genome
Functions: antibiotic resistance, virulence, nitrogen fixation, etc.
Transformation: external DNA transferred to or taken up by organism
Addition of genes on plasmid DNA changes phenotype
Genetic engineering:
Mutation: change in DNA sequence
Gene cloning or editing: new genes added to or replace genes on plasmid
Requires DNA strands to be cut

Answer 1

plasmids

Question 2

AKA restriction endonucleases 
Cut double-stranded DNA 
Specific cut sites: palindrome sequences
Read same in both directions (radar, madam, etc.)
Read same on both DNA backbones
Results in sticky ends: backbones cut at different locations
EcoRI
Naturally occurs in E. coli
Creates 4 nucleotide-long sticky ends

Answer 2

restriction enzymes

Question 3

tet resistant
tet & UV resistant
tet & ampicillin resistant

Answer 3

each bacteria transformed with plasmids for these phenotypes

Question 4

what do serological pipettes measure?

Answer 4

milliliters (mL)

Question 5

osmosis

Answer 5

net movement of water across a semipermeable;e membrane

Question 6

hemolysis

Answer 6

destruction on red blood cells

Question 7

spectrometer

Answer 7

measures how light reacts with absorbance of substances

Question 8

diffusion

Answer 8

net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 9

concentrations are relative to ______.

Answer 9

another solution

Question 10

is concentration an example of discrete data or continuous data?

Answer 10

continuous

Question 11

In lab you measure the absorbance at specific time intervals in order to calculate concentration. What is the independent variable?

Answer 11

time

Question 12

when plotting continuous data, would you use a scatter plot or a bar graph?

Answer 12

scatterplot

Question 13

how do enzymes catalyze a reaction without being consumed?

Answer 13

by lowering the activation energy

Question 14

what differs between the general model and the induced-fit model of enzyme catalysts?

Answer 14

enzyme changes conformation in induced fit model

Question 15

benzoquinone (substrate, product, or enzyme?)

Answer 15

product

Question 16

catechol (substrate, product, or enzyme?)

Answer 16

substrate

Question 17

catecholase (substrate, product, or enzyme?)

Answer 17

enzyme

Question 18

what was the main dependent variable from the enzyme lab?

Answer 18

benzoquinone concentration

Question 19

null hypothesis

Answer 19

the amount of sunlight per day throughout the year will not significantly effect plant growth

Question 20

alternative hypothesis

Answer 20

the amount of sunlight per day throughout the year will significantly significantly effect plant growth

Question 21

prediction

Answer 21

high amounts of sunlight will cause plant growth to increase

Question 22

if the p-value is greater than .05 do you reject or fail to reject the null?

Answer 22

fail to reject

Question 23

solutions that have equal amounts of solute

Answer 23

isotonic

Question 24

greater concentration of solutes outside of a cell compared to inside of cell.

Answer 24

hypertonic

Question 25

greater concentration of solutes inside of a cell compared to outside of cell

Answer 25

hypotonic

Question 26

can water freely pass through the cell membrane?

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

as permeability decreases, molecular weight

Answer 27

increases

Question 28

as polarity increases, permeability

Answer 28

decreases

Question 29

caption for a table

Answer 29

above

Question 30

caption for a figure

Answer 30

below

Question 31

the hemolysis lab measured the time to hemolysis for molecules varying in either polarity or molecular weight. what was the dependent variable?

Answer 31

time to hemolysis

Question 32

the hemolysis lab measured the time to hemolysis for molecules varying in either polarity or molecular weight. what was the independent variable?

Answer 32

molecular weight

Question 33

null hypothesis for hemolysis lab

Answer 33

molecular weight will not have a significant effect on the time to hemolysis

Question 34

alternative hypothesis for hemolysis lab

Answer 34

molecular weight will have a significant effect on time to hemolysis

Question 35

what gas is necessary for photosynthesis?

Answer 35

co2

Question 36

2 products of photosynthesis

Answer 36

oxygen, sugars

Question 37

what is paper chromatography useful for?

Answer 37

separating wavelengths

Question 38

the leaves of most plants ______ absorb green light

Answer 38

DO NOT

Question 39

why do photosynthetic organisms have different types of pigments?

Answer 39

so they can absorb different frequencies and wavelengths of light

Question 40

what was the difference between the extracts spinach and cyanobacteria spirulina?

Answer 40

they have different pigments

Question 41

location of photosynthesis

Answer 41

chloroplasts

Question 42

spectroscope

Answer 42

measures wavelength of light absorbance

Question 43

what pigments travel farthest from the origin line on chromatography paper?

Answer 43

non polar pigments, because they are repelled by the polar origin line

Question 44

fermentation allows some cells to metabolize organic nutrients and produce atp in the absence of

Answer 44

oxygen

Question 45

what carbon metabolism pathway is fermentation?

Answer 45

aerobic

Question 46

what makes fermentation an aerobic pathway?

Answer 46

no 02 is present

Question 47

dependent variable in the chromatography lab

Answer 47

co2 production

Question 48

independent variable in the chromatography lab

Answer 48

time

Question 49

_____ is one factor that separates DNA molecules during gel electrophoresis

Answer 49

size