Final

Question 1

What is a Prototype?

Answer 1

Can be a small-scale model in other fields. But it HCI, screen sketched, storyboard, slide simulation, video simulation cardboard mockup. software with limited functionality.

The goal is NOT the artifact, but the feedback.

Question 2

Why prototype?

Answer 2

• Evaluation and feedback
• Users can see/interact with prototype
• Helps team communication
• Encourages reflection and design
• Prototypes answer questions, and help make choices

Question 3

What to prototype?

Answer 3

• Screen layouts and information display
• Work flow, task design
• Difficult, controversial, critical areas
• Technical issues. (graphics fast enough)

-Do iterations of a prototype

Question 4

Types of prototype fidelity

Answer 4

Low fidelity: Prototype doesn’t look much like final product, operation of the prototype may be simulated and slower

High fidelity: Prototype looks and operates like the real product.

Question 5

Low Fideltiy Prototype

Answer 5

Uses medium different form the final medium. i.e. paper, cardboard

Purpose is to brainstorm competing representations and elicit user reacions / suggestions.

ex:
Storyboards
Paper prototypes
Wireframes

Question 6

Storyboarding

Answer 6

• All about user tasks, not interface
• Like comic stip
• Converys setting: people environment tasks
• Show sequence/steps involved
• Satisfacton: What motivates people to use this system.

Question 7

Paper prototypes

Answer 7

Done after storyboarding

• Best for figuring out the user interface
• Doesn’t have to look exact of nice.

Question 8

Benefits of paper prototyping

Answer 8

Leverage common design skills: Everyone can sketch and cut paper.

• Allow early testing: testing prototypes early lets product teams find big-picture probleams
• Support rapid experimentation:Different UI can easily be cut, copied and moved around to create a new UI.
• Facilitate adjustments: easy to make changes druing the testing session.

Question 9

Paper prototypeing limitation

Answer 9

• An additional person is required to conduct the test session
• Not suitable for complex or highly interactive interfaces.

Question 10

Wireframing

Answer 10

Give an outline of structure and layout of the page.
-Conveys the overall direction and description f the user interface
low to medium quality.

Question 11

Low-Fidelity Prototyping Pros and cons

Answer 11

Pros:
-Inexpesive
-Fase
Collaborative.

Cons:
Limited interactivity, can’t be too complex
-Misleading: users will judge it worse simply because it is less finished.

-Clients may be confused by lack of programming.

Question 12

What you can’t learn from a paper prototype

Answer 12

Look: color font etch

Feel: efficieny issues, i.e. buttons that are too small
response time: no idea how ling taks will take
Small changes easily noticable

Question 13

When to use High Fidelity prototypes

Answer 13

Testing the details of UI elements and color schemes

Testing the transition animation and effects of them on user behaviour

When you want to know how your target users feel about your design.

Question 14

What is High-Fidelity prototype

Answer 14

Prototyping with a computer:

• Interactive representation of the product.
• Closest resemblance to the final design in terms of details and functionality.
• Simulate some but not all features of system.

Question 15

What can you learn form high fidelity prototypes

Answer 15

Everything you can learn form a paper prototype, plus:

• Screen layout
• Colors, fonts, icons, etc.
• Interactive feedback
• Efficiency issues.

Question 16

Vertical Prototype

Answer 16

Focuses on in-depth functionality for only a few selected features.
-Common design ideas can be tested in depth

Question 17

Horizontal Prototype

Answer 17

Surface layerss includes the entire user interface with limited underlying functionality (breadth)

Question 18

Video prototypes

Answer 18

• Illustrates how people might act with a future technology in a realistic setting
• Describes motivation and theri activities over time
• People in video represent personas or characters drawn from intervies and observations
• Characters placed are in a particular situation at a particular place and time.

Cheap and fast

• Great for communication
• Can serve as a spec for developers

Question 19

Wizard of oz prototyping

Answer 19

Fake functionality of a prototype by faking interactions through off screen manipulation. User can’t tell

-User thinks they are interacting with a computer, but the developer is responding to them rather than the system.

Good for adding simulated and complex functionality, and testing futuristic ideas.

Question 20

Properties of Positional Input Devices

Answer 20

Absolute vs. Relative Positioning-touchscreen = absolute-mouse = relativeDirect vs. Indirect Contact-direct = touchscreen-indirect = mouseForce vs. Displacement Sensing -(most) joysticks = force-mouse = displacementPosition vs. Rate Control -(most) joysticks = rate-mouse = positionDOF (Dimensions) Sensed-1 = dial, 2 = mouse, 6 = Wiimote

Question 21

Control-Display Gain (CD Gain)

Answer 21

Ratio of display pointer movement to device control movement -the ratio is a scale factor (the “gain”)-usually expressed in terms of velocity -works for rate control and position control

at CD of 1 would mean the movement rate of the mouse is exactly the same as the pointer.

> 1 Means the pointer moves faster than mouse.

CDgain= Vpointer/Vdevice

Question 22

Fitts’ Law

Answer 22

Fitts’ Law: a predictive model for pointing time considering device, distance, and target size-published 1954-based on rapid, aimed movements-works for many kinds of pointing “devices”: finger, pen, mouse, joystick, foot, ..

Question 23

Steering law

Answer 23

Steering Law is an adaptation of Fitts’ LawDeveloped by Zhai and AcottChoose a paradigm which focuses on steering between boundaries
Tracking a constrained path takes longer (menu navigation)

Hierarchical MenusCS 349 - Input Performance37Sum the parts of the path:-Wide path (but short stopping distance)-Narrow path (but wide stopping distance)-Wide path (with short stopping distance)

Question 24

HSV/HSB Color model

Answer 24

Hue: determines color (approximation of wavelength)Saturation: how much hue: e.g. red vs. pink vs. whiteValue/Brightness: how much light is reflected

Question 25

Colour Presentation Matters

Answer 25

Our ability to discriminate coloursdepends on presentationExample: it’s harder to tell two coloursapart when-the coloursare pale-the object is small or thin-the colourpatches are far apart

Question 26

Gestalt Principles

Answer 26

Theories of visual perception that describe how people tend to organize visual elements into groups or unified wholes, when certain principles are applied.▪Clues about how the brain groups raw visual input Proximity Similarity Continuity Closure Connectedness Figure and Ground

Question 27

Proximity

Answer 27

Individual elements are associated more strongly with nearby elements than with those further away▪Best way of emphasizing relationships between different data entities is to place them in proximity in a display ▪Things that are related should be grouped together▪Things that are not related should be separated from each othe

Question 28

Similarity

Answer 28

▪Elements associated more strongly when they share basic visual characteristics, such as:-Shape, Size, Color, Texture, Orientation▪Related visual elements should look similar ▪Elements which match in function or content, should visually match as well.▪The icons are equally sized and have the same color and style (rounded shapes)

Question 29

Continuity

Answer 29

▪Elements arranged in a straight line or a smooth curve are perceived as being more related -bias to continuous forms rather than disconnected segments

Question 30

Closure

Answer 30

▪The visual system perceives a set of individual elements as a single, recognizable pattern, rather than individual elements. Curved dashed lines circle

Question 31

Connectedness

Answer 31

▪Elements connected to one another by uniform visual properties are perceived to be more related than elements that are not connected▪Two typical strategies:-connecting lines-connecting regions

Question 32

Figure and Ground

Answer 32

▪Elements are perceived as either figure i.e., the element of focus or ground i.e., background on which the figure sits. ▪This principle essentially tells our eyes what to focus on first. ▪This principle is applied regularly for forms to login or register to a website.

Question 33

Typography

Answer 33

The practice of arranging written subject matter.▪Difference between “Typeface” and “Font”▪Typeface refers to a family of fonts sharing the same name, like “Arial” or “Georgia.”▪A font is a choice of typeface and size and style, like roman, italic, oblique, boldface, etc

Question 34

Terminology: User Interface

Answer 34

A user interface is the place where a person expresses intention to an artifact, and the artifact presents feedback to the person.

Question 35

User Profile

Answer 35

Collection of attributes for describing a collection of users-i.e., age, disabilities, gender, culture, experience, plus any other factors relevant to a particular system-E.g., ages 18-35A user profile will help you to understand who you are building your product forMost systems will have a number of different profiles