final Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
what are Psyshometricians?
A
psychologists who specialize in measuring psychological characteristics such as intelligence and personality
2
Q
what was Charles Spearman’s contribution to intelligence?
A
Spearman reported evidence that supported the idea that a general factor of intelligence (g) is responsible for performance on all mental tests. test scores provide a measure of general intelligence
3
Q
what is Fluid Intelligence?
A
fluid intelligence is the ability to perfcieve relations among stimuli
4
Q
what is Crystallized Intelligence?
A
Crystallized intelligence comprises a persons culturally accumulated knowledge and skills, including understanding printed language, comprehending language and knowing vocabulary
5
Q
what were James Carroll’s contributions to the study of intelligence?
A
James Carroll proposed the hierarchal theory, with three levels, at the top of the hierarchy is “g” for general intelligence
6
Q
what is Carroll’s Hierarchal Theory of Intelligence?
A
Carroll’s Hierarchal Theory of Intelligence is a compromise between the two views of intelligence (general vs. distinct abilities). it is comprised of general intelligence at the top and 8 broader categories below it. categories include crystallized and fluid intelligence
7
Q
what were Howard Gardner’s contributions to the study of intelligence?
A
Gardner created “Gardener’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences” in which he drew research from child development, studies of the brain, studies of gifted peoples and studies of brain damaged people to develop 9 intelligences.
8
Q
what is Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences?
A
Gardner identified 9 distinct levels of intelligence: Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, Musical, Bodily Kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic and existential.
9
Q
what is emotional intelligence?
A
emotional intelligence is the ability to use one’s own emotions and others emotions effectively for solving problems and living happily
10
Q
what is Sternberg’s contributions to Intelligence?
A
Sternberg defines successful intelligence as the skillful use of one’s abilities to achieve ones personal goals. in achieving goals, people use three different kinds of abilities: Analytic ability, Creative ability and practical ability.
11
Q
describe Analytic ability, creative ability and practical ability.
A
Analytic ability is the ability to analyze problems and generate different solutions
Creative ability is the ability to deal adaptively with novel situations and problems
Practical ability is the ability involves knowing what solution or plan will actually work
12
Q
what is Mental Age?
A
developed by Binet and Simon, mental age refers to the difficulty of the problems that children could solve correctly. A child who solved problems that the average seven year old could pass would have an MA of seven
13
Q
what is intelligence Quota (IQ)?
A
the ratio of mental age to chronological age, children who perform above average on IQ will be above 100, children who perform below average will be less than 100
14
Q
what is the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)?
A
a test of intelligence used frequently in 6-16 year olds. WISC-IV includes subtests for both verbal and performance skills, based on their performance children receive IQ scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed. does not test every aspect of CHC.
15
Q
what is the Bayley Scale of Infant Development?
A
the Bayley Scale of Infant Development is an intelligence test for infants aged 1-42 months old. it consists of 5 scales: cognitive language, motor, social-emotional, and adaptive behaviour. researchers and health care professionals use the Bayley scale to see if the baby is developing properly.
16
Q
what is dynamic testing?
A
dynamic testing measures a child’s learning potential by having the child learn something new in the presence of the examiner and with the examiners help. dynamic learning is based of off Vygotsky’s idea of zone of proximal development and scaffolding.
17
Q
what are culture fair intelligence tests?
A
culture fair intelligence tests are tests which include items based on experiences common to many cultures
18
Q
what is convergent thinking?
A
convergent thinking is using information to determine a standard correct answer. intelligence is associated with convergent thinking
19
Q
what is Divergent thinking?
A
divergent thinking is where the aim is not to find a single correct answer (often there isn’t one) but instead novel and unusual lines of thought. creativity is often associated with divergent thinking/
20
Q
what is an intellectual disability?
A
an intellectual disability refers to substantial limitations in intellectual ability, as well as problems adapting to the environment. an IQ for intellectual disabilities is defined as a score of 70 or less. ex. of an intellectual disability is Down Syndrome
21
Q
what is a learning disability?
A
a learning disability is having difficulty mastering an academic subject, with normal intelligence and having no other conditions which could account for poor academic performance. ex. Dyslexia
22
Q
what is language?
A
defined as a system that relates sounds (or gestures) to meaning.
23
Q
how does language differ from simple communication?
A
language differs from communication in 4 ways
(1) it has arbitrary units and is therefore symbolic
(2) it is structured and meaningful
(3) it shows displacement– meaning it can describe things distant in time not just here and now
(4) it is characterized by generatively – meaning that one can produce an infinite number of utterances from a language’s vocabulary
24
Q
what is phonology?
A
the sounds of language. phonemes are the unique sounds that can be joined to create words.
25
what is morphology?
the rules of meaning within a language. the smallest unit of meaning is called a morpheme
26
what are semantics?
denotes the study of words and their meanings.
27
what is syntax?
the rules that specify how words are combined to form sentences
28
what is pragmatics?
the communicative functions of language and the rules that lead to effective communication
29
describe the ability to discriminate language.
the ability to discriminate non native language phonemic distinctions declines across the first year of life. nearly all 6-8 month could make phonemic distinctions between languages, this ability is lost by 12 months
30
what is infant directed speech?
infant directed speech is when adults speak slowly and with exaggerated changes in pitch and volume. infant directed speech grabs babies attention and helps infants distinguish vowels
31
what is cooing?
the first step in learning to speak appears at about 2 months, infants begin to produce vowel like sounds such as "ooh"
32
what is babbling?
the second step in learning to speak, speech-like sound that has no meaning
33
what is intonation?
the pattern of rising or falling pitch, the appearance of intonation in babbling indicated a strong link between perception and production of speech
34
what is naming explosion?
a period, at about 18 months, when infants learn new words (particularly the names of objects) much more rapidly than before. the naming explosions coincides with a time of rapid cognitive growth.
35
what is fast mapping?
children's ability to connect new words to their meanings so rapidly that they can not be considering all possible meanings for a new word.
36
what is under extension?
a common naming error in which a word is defined too narrowly, ex. only calling the family car the car and not other cars.
37
what is over extension?
a common naming error, which occurs at age 1-3, where children define a word too broadly. ex. calling all four legged animals dogs.
38
what is Phonological memory?
phonological memory is the ability to remember speech sounds briefly
39
what is referential style?
when children's vocabularies consist of words that name objects, people, or actions
40
what is expressive style?
when children's vocabularies include some names but also many social phrases that are used like a single word such as "go away"
41
what is telegraphic speech?
telegraphic speech is when children begin to combine individual words to create two word sentences. occurs at 1 1/2 years of age.
42
when do children start to move to 3 word sentences?
at about age 2
43
what is grammatical morphemes?
grammatical morphemes are words or endings of words (ex. -ing) that make sentences grammatical
44
what is over-regularization?
over-regularization is applying grammar rules to words which are exceptions to the rules
45
how do behaviouralists believe that children acquire grammar?
behaviouralists believe that grammar is learned through imitation and reinforcement
46
how do linguists believe that children acquire grammar?
linguist believe that children are born with mechanisms that simplify the task of learning grammar, believe in a critical period for learning language, development of vocab and grammar are closely related
47
what evidence supports linguists idea that children are born with mechanisms that simplify the task of learning grammar?
(1) specific regions of the brain (such as the left hemisphere or broca's area) are known to be involved in language processing
(2) only humans learn grammar readily
(3) children develop linguistic communication with little or no formal input
(4) there is a critical period for learning language
(5) the development of language is tired to the development of vocabulary
48
what is semantic bootstrapping theory?
semantic bootstrapping theory states that children are born knowing that nouns usually refer to people or object and that verbs are actions; they use this knowledge to infer grammatical rules
49
how do cognitive theorists believe that children acquire grammar?
they believe that children learn grammar through powerful cognitive skills that help them rapidly detect regularities in their environments including patterns in speech they hear.
50
what should children do to ensure effective oral communication?
children should:
(1) take turns, alternating speaker and listener
(2) a speaker's remarks should relate to the topic and be understandable to the listener
(3) a listener should pay attention and let the speaker know if his remarks don't make sense
51
how is sign language considered a language?
(1) it has arbitrary units and is therefore symbolic
(2) ASL is structured and meaningful
(3) ASL shows displacement
(4) there is generativity
52
what are basic emotions?
basic emotions are experienced by people everywhere, and consists of three elements; a subjective feeling, a physiological change and an overt behaviour
53
describe the development of infant emotions
to begin newborns only experience two emotions: pleasure and distress
in the first month they develop feelings of happiness
at about 4-6 months infants experience anger and distress and also experience fear
54
what are social smiles?
social smiles are when infants smile at other people, reflects pleasure in simple interactions with others, sometimes social smiles feature cooing
55
what is stranger weariness?
stranger weariness occurs at about 6 months and is when infants become weary in the presence of an unfamiliar adult. the first instance of fear in infantile emotions. infants become less fearful of unfamiliar adults if the environment is familiar and they are given a chance to warm up to the stranger
56
what are self conscious emotions?
self conscious emotions involve feelings of success when standards or expectations are met and feelings of failure when they are not. these emotions include pride, shame, guilt and embarrassment and begin to emerge between 15-18 months
57
when do infants begin to distinguish facial expressions?
infants begin to distinguish facial expressions as early as 4 months of age. infants are bias to more negative emotions and they attend more rapidly to faces depicting negative emotions such as anger.
58
what is social referencing?
social referencing is when infants are placed in an unfamiliar environments so they look to their caregiver to look for cues to help them interpret the environment
59
what are display rules?
display rules are culturally specific standards for appropriate expressions of emotions in a particular setting or with a particular person or persons
60
describe emotional regulation.
when we stop ourselves from having angry outbursts etc.
attention is an important part of emotional regulation, we can divert our attention to something less emotional .
successful regulation develops gradually thorugh childhood and adolescence begins at 4-6 months
61
what did Thomas & Chess suggest about temperament?
thomas and chess suggested that infants behaviour varies along nine temperamental dimensions. one dimension was activity, which referred to an infants typical level of motor activity. a second was persistance, which referred to the amount of time that an infant devoted to an activity.
62
what were the three patterns of temperament identified by Thomas & Chess?
(1) Easy babies -- usually happy and cheerful, adjusted well to new situations, have regular routines for eating, sleeping and toileting
(2) Difficult babies -- less common, usually unhappy, irregular in their eating and sleeping, and often responded intensely in unfamiliar situations
(3) Slow-to-warm-up babies -- often unhappy; but unlike difficult babies, were not upset by unfamiliar situations
63
what is surgency/extraversion?
surgency/extraversion refers to the extent to which a child is generally happy, active, vocal and regularly seeks interesting stimulation
64
what is negative affect?
negative affect refers to the extent to which a child is angry, fearful, frustrated, shy and not easily soothed
65
what is effortful control?
effortful control refers to the extent to which a child can focus attention, is not easily distracted and can inhibit responses
66
what is attachment?
an enduring social-emotional relationship
67
what is pre-attachment?
pre-attachment occurs at birth to 6-8 weeks; when infants rapidly learn to recognize their mothers by smell and sound which sets a stage for forming an attachment relationship
68
what is attachment in the making?
occurs at 6-8 weeks to 6-8 months; when babies begin to behave differently in the presence of familiar caregivers and unfamiliar adults
69
what is true attachment?
occurs at 6-8 months to 18 months; when infants have singled out the attachment figure, usually the mother, as a special individual. the attachment figure is now the infants stable emotional base, where they go to seek reassurance and comfort.
70
what are reciprocal relationships?
18 months on; as children grow they better act as true partners in the attachment relationship. they often take initiative in interactions and negotiate with their parents
71
what are Bowlby's 4 phases in growth attachment?
pre-attachment, attachment in the making, true attachment and reciprocal relationships
72
what is secure attachment?
secure attachment -- when the baby may or may not cry when the mother leaves, but when she returns, the baby wants to be with her; if the baby has been crying, it stops
73
what is avoidant attachment?
avoidant attachment -- the baby is not visibly upset when the mother leaves and, when she returns, may ignore her by looking or turning away
74
what is resistant attachment?
resistant attachment -- the baby is upset when the other leaves and, is upset or even angry when the mother returns, and is difficult to console
75
what is disorganized attachment?
disorganized attachment -- the baby seems confused when the mother leaved, and when she returns, seems not to understand whats happening
76
what is internal working model?
a set of expectations about caregivers' availability and responsiveness generally, and in times of stress
77
what are secure adults?
secure adults describe their childhood experiences objectively and value the impact of their caregiver-child relationship on their development
78
what are dismissive adults?
dismissive adults sometimes deny the value of childhood experiences and sometimes are unable to recall those experiences precisely, yet they often idealize their care givers
79
what are preoccupied adults?
preoccupied adults describe their childhood experiences emotionally and often express anger or confusion regarding relationships with their caregivers
80
what is a self concept?
a self concept refers to the attitudes, behaviours, and values that a person believes makes himself or herself a unique individual
81
when does self awareness occur?
self awareness occurs at 18 and 24 months of age. at this time toddlers look more at pictures of themselves than other children, they also refer to themselves by personal pronouns and know their age and gender.
once self awareness is established, children begin to acquire a self concept
82
what is adolescent egocentrism?
the self-absorption that marks the teenage search for identity
83
what is the imaginary audience?
a phenomenon where adolescents feel that they are, in a sense, actors whose performance is being watched constantly by their peers
84
what is personal fable?
personal fable s teenagers tendency to believe their experiences and feelings are unique and have not been experienced by anyone else
85
what is the illusion of invulnerability?
teenagers belief that bad things only happen to other people
86
what is diffusion?
individuals in this status are confused or overwhelmed by the task of achieving an identity and are doing little to achieve one
87
what is foreclosure?
individuals in this status have an identity determined largely by adults, rather than from personal exploration of alternatives
88
what is moratorium?
individuals in this status are still examining the different alternatives and have yet to find a satisfactory identity
89
what is achievement?
individuals in this status have explored alternatives and have deliberately chosen a specific identity
90
what is self esteem?
self esteem refers to a person's judgement ad feelings about his/her own worth. self esteem is greatest during the preschool years as preschoolers are egocentric
91
what are the potential consequences of low self esteem?
low self esteem can lead to: problems with peers, increased risk of psychological disorders such as depression, increased risk of engaging in bullying or aggressive behaviours and do more poorly in school
92
what is recursive thinking?
emerges at 5-6 years the "he thinks this" or "she thinks that"; what one believes others are thinking
93
what is self control?
self control is the ability to control one's behaviour and to inhibit impulsive responding to temptations. self control emerges in infancy and gradually improves during the preschool years
94
what can reduce a child's self control?
strict parents usually lower children's self control as they do not have the ability to make their own decisions.
95
what is effortful control?
effortful control describes a child's ability to focus attention, to ignore distraction and to inhibit appropriate responses
96
what are effective ways to reduce temptation?
(1) reminding yourself of the importance of long-term goals over short-term temptations
(2) reducing the attraction of the tempting event or circumstance
97
What is Piaget's Stage Theory of Moral development?
a theory of moral development that consists of three stages: Premoral, Moral realism and moral relativism
98
describe the premoral stage
having not yet developed a moral sensibility. lasts from about ages 2-4
99
describe the Moral realism stage.
from ages 5-7, children believe that rules are created by wise adults and therefore must be followed and cannot be changed, this morality is referred to as heteronomous morality. children in this stage also believe in immanent justice
100
describe the moral relativism stage.
from ages 8-10, the understanding that rules are created by people to help them get along. these children are now considered to have autonomous morality-- which is morality based on free-will
101
what is Kohlberg's theory is moral development?
Kohlberg created stories to test morality, and analyzed the responses to the stories. Kohlberg broke moral development up into 3 levels: Preconventional level, Conventional level and postconventional level
102
describe the pre-conventional level from Kohlberg's theory of moral development
most children, many adolescents, and some adults, moral reasoning is controlled almost solely by obedience to authority and by rewards and punishment.
stage 1: obedience orientation
stage 2: instrumental orientation -- people look out for their own needs
103
describe the conventional level of Kohlberg's moral theory
for most adolescents and adults, moral decision making is based on social norms, what is expected by others
stage 3: interpersonal norms
stage 4: social system morality
104
describe the post conventional level of Kohlberg's moral theory
for some adults, typically those older than 25, moral decisions are based on personal, moral principles
stage 5: social contract orientation
stage 6: universal ethical principles
105
describe Gilligans Ethic of Caring.
Carol Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's theory applies more to boys than girls, whose reasoning is more centered around concern to others. according to Gilligan this "ethic of care" leads females to put a priority on fulfilling obligations to other people and those obligations guide their moral reasoning.
106
what are social conventions?
social conventions are arbitrary standards of behaviour agreed to by a cultural group to facilitate interactions within the group
107
what is the personal domain?
the personal domain refers to the choices concerning one's body (ex. what to wear) and choices of friends or activities
108
what is prosocial behaviour?
prosocial behaviour are actions that benefit others
109
what is altruism?
altruism is prosocial behaviour that helps another with no expectation of direct benefit to the helper. altruism is driven by feelings of responsibility for others. simple acts of altruism can be seen by 18 months, during the toddler and pre school years children begin to gradually understand others' needs and learn more appropriate altruistic responses
110
what contributes to prosocial decision making?
perspective taking, empathy, moral reasoning
111
what helps a child decide weather or not to act altruistically?
feelings of responsibility, feelings of competence, mood, cost of altruism.
112
how can parents foster altruism?
model altruistic behaviour, disciplinary practices, provide opportunities to behave pro socially
113
what is instrumental aggression?
when a child uses aggression to achieve an explicit goal
114
what is hostile aggression?
unprovoked, its sole goal is to intimidate, harass or humiliate another child
115
what is reactive aggression?
when one child's behaviour leads to another child's aggression
116
what is relational aggression?
when children try to hurt others by undermining their social relationships
117
what is monitoring?
refers to a parents knowledge of where their children are, what they're doing and who they're with. when parents do not monitor their children this can lead to increased aggression
118
what else influences children's aggression?
T.V/video games, peers, failure in school, poverty & a culture of violence
119
what is socialized aggression?
aggression that is expected within a situation for example a hockey fight
120
what are the consequences of long term aggression on their victims?
victims become lonely, anxious, depressed, dislike school/peers and have low self esteem
121
what are social roles?
cultural guidelines for people's behaviour
122
male traits are often considered
(a) expressive
(b) instrumental
B. instrumental, describe individuals who act on the world and influence it
123
female traits are often considered
(a) expressive
(b) instrumental
A. expressive, they describe the emotional functioning and individuals who value interpersonal relationships
124
girls interactions with each other are typically
(a) enabling
(b) constricting
A. enabling. their actions and remarks tend to support others and sustain the interaction
125
boys interactions with each other are typically
(a) constricting
(b) enabling
A. Constricting. one partner tries to emerge as the victor by threatening or contradicting the other by exaggerating and so on
126
what are the stages in Kohlberg's Gender Identity theory?
Gender labelling, Gender stability, Gender consistency
127
what is Gender labelling?
a stage in Kohlbergs Gender identity theory; by age 2-3 children understand that they are either boys or girls and label themselves accordingly
128
describe Gender stability
a stage in Kohlberg's gender identity theory. during the preschool years, children begin to understand that gender is stable, boys become men and girls become women
129
what is gender consistency?
a stage in Kohlberg's gender identity theory; between 4-7, most children understand labels, and consistency
130
what is the gender schema theory?
Proposed by Carol Martin; children first decide if and object, activity or behaviour is considered male or female, then use the information to decide whether they should learn more about the object, activity or behaviour
131
what is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?
a genetic disorder in which, beginning in prenatal development, the adrenal glands secrete large amounts of androgen.
132
what are Androgynous people?
those who rate high on both expressive and instrumental dimensions. androgynous children are often more well adjusted, have higher self esteem in girls and are more likely to express their thoughts and feelings
133
what is authoritarian parenting?
a style of parenting combines high control with little warmth, children of authoritarian parents are often unhappy, have low self esteem and are over aggressive
134
what is authoritarian parenting?
a style of parenting which combines a fair degree of control with being warm and responsive to children. considered the best for most children. children of authoritarian parents tend to be responsible, friendly, perform better in school and self reliant
135
what is permissive parenting
a style of parenting which offers warmth and caring with little control. children of permissive parents tend to be impulsive and have little self control
136
what is uninvolved parenting?
a style of parenting with no warmth and no control. children of uninvolved parents tend to do poorly in school and are aggressive
137
what is counter imitation?
learning what should NOT be done
138
what is the negative reinforcement trap?
when parents unwittingly reinforce the very behaviours they want to discourage
139
what is encouraged for a punishment to be most effective?
punishment is most effective when:
administered directly after the bad behaviour
an bad behaviour always leads to punishment
accompanied by an explanation of why the child was punished and how punishment can be avoided in the future
the child has a warm, affectionate relationship with the one administering the punishment
140
how can parents make divorce less stressful for children?
```
parents should:
- explain to kids why they are divorcing, and what comes next
- reassure children that they are loved
- expect the children to be emotional
parent should NOT
- compete with eachother for childs attention
- criticize ex infront of children
- take anger out on children
- ask kids to mediate disputes
```
141
what are influential grandparents?
grandparents that are very close to their grandchildren, very involved in their grandchildren's lives, frequently perform parental roles including discipline
142
what are supportive grandparents?
grandparents that are close and involved but do not take on parental roles
143
what are authority-oriented grandparent
grandparents that provide discipline for their grandchildren but are otherwise uninvolved in their grandchildren's lives
144
what are passive grandparents?
grandparents that are caught up in their grandchildren's development but not with the intensity of influential or supportive grandparents; they do not assume parental roles
145
what are detached grandparents?
grandparents that are uninvolved in their grandchildren's lives
146
what is ego resilience?
a child's ability to respond adaptively and resourcefully to new situations
147
what is non-social play?
children playing alone or watching others play but not playing with them
148
what is Parallel play?
appears soon after the first birthday, when kids play alone but maintain a keen interest in what others are doing
149
what is associative play?
occurs at 15-18 months, toddlers engage in similar activities, talk or smile at eachother, and offer each other toys
150
what is cooperative play?
begins towards the second birthday, when children organize their play around a theme and take on special roles based on the theme
151
socially, what are the 5 categories children can be placed in?
popular children -- liked by many
rejected children -- disliked by many
controversial children -- both liked and disliked
average children -- less intense, disliked by some, liked by some
neglected children -- ignored by others
152
what are latchkey children?
children who take care of themselves
153
why can part-time jobs be harmful to children?
- school performance is effected
- mental health/behavioural issues are likely
- affluence is misleading
154
what can teacher do to ensure that students learn best?
- manage the classroom effectively
- believe they are responsible for students learning and that students will learn more when taught well
- pay careful attention to pacing
- emphasize mastery of topics
- teach actively
- value tutoring
- teach children skills for monitoring and managing their own learning
155
what is the CHC theory of multiple intelligence?
combination of research by Cattel, Horn and Carrol. a multiple factor view of intelligence, originally 7 CHC factors now 16. a collection of broad and narrow abilities, measure of general intelligence (g), most widely used
156
what are limitations of intelligence tests?
provide only a limited understanding of intelligence
potential risk of stereotype threat which may inhibit children's level of self aspiration and self concept. misused as measures of capacity.
157
what is the DSM-5 criteria for an intellectual disability?
- deficits in intellectual functioning
- concurrent deficits on impairments in adaptive functioning
- below average intellectual and adaptive abilities
- must be evident before 18
158
what is the prevalence of intellectual disabilities?
- 1-3% of the pop
- 2X as many boys than girls
- more prevalent among children of lower socioeconomic standing and children from minority groups
159
what are chromosomal abnormalities related to intellectual disabilities?
- fragile x syndrome = the most common cause of inherited ID
| - prader-willi and angelman syndromes = both associated w/ abnormality of 15th chromosome
160
what are the neurobiological influences on intellectual disabilities?
infections, traumas, accidental poisoning during infancy/childhood
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
tetarogens increase risk of ID
161
what is a mild specific learning disorder?
defined as some difficulties in one or two domains, individual may be able to compensate or function well when provided w/ accommodations or support
162
define a moderate specific learning disorder
marked as difficulties in one or more domains, require some intervals of intensive intervention. some accommodations or support required
163
describe specific learning disorder w/ impairment in reading
inability to distinguish or separate sounds in spoken word
difficulty with sight words
core deficits in reading disorders are in the not so rapid decoding of whole words
164
describe specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression
poor hand eye coordination (poor handwriting); produce shorter, less interesting, poorly organized essays
165
describe specific learning disorder with impairments in math
difficulty recognizing numbers
problems comprehending abstract concepts or in visual-spatial ability
core deficits in arithmetic reasoning ability
166
what is the prevalence of specific learning disabilities
- 2-3% of the pop.
- reading impairment = 5-17% of school age children
- math = 20% of children
- written expression = rare by itself, 10% of school age children
disabilities are life long
167
what are causes of specific learning disorders
- difficulty integrating info from different brain regions, 60% heredity
- co-occurring emotional disturbances and other signs of poor adaptive ability
- over lap between dyslexia & ADHD
- reading disorder associated w/ deficits in phonological awareness
- ADHD has effects on cognitive functioning especially verbal learning and memory
168
how can SLD's be prevented and treated?
- educational and psycho social treatment
- no medications available
- identifying early leads to a higher success rate
- training phonological awareness
- direct instruction
169
how can parents encourage word learning?
- speak with children frequently
- name objects that are the focus of children's attention
- read books and ask open ended questions
170
when is educational TV most effective?
benefits of educational TV greatest when children watch with parents
171
what is the best method of teaching immigrant children?
a combination of child's native language and the local language
172
what are the warning signs of communication disorders?
- child uses gestures instead of speech
- failure to develop language
- difficulty segmenting syllables
- difficulty naming objects and letters
- speaking late
- limited vocab and short sentences
173
what is the prevalence of language disorders?
- 7% of school age kids
- 2X more boys
- most acquire normal language by adolescence
- 50% fully grow out of the problem
174
what are some causes of Language disorders?
- genetics
- less activity in the temporal lobe
- recurrent middle ear infections in the first year of life
- extreme neglect
175
what are the 5 dimensions of temperament?
activity level, positive affect, persistence, inhibition, negative affect (most influenced by heredity)
176
who is Jane Bowlby?
founding father of attachment theory, believed that attachment is the formation of enduring social emotional relationship with a caregiver
177
who is Mary Ainsworth?
pioneered the study of infant-parent attachment. created the strange situation procedure (where babies are left alone to test attachment)
178
what is affect attachment?
ability to match the child's affective state
179
what does contingent communication involve?
- parents ability to accurately interpret child's signals
-parents ability to respond in a timely and effective matter
-
180
what are the functions of attachment?
- maintain infant's sense of security
- regulate infants affect and arousal
- communication/ promote expression of feelings
- base for exploration
181
when do infants begin to show self recognition?
infants begin to show self recognition by 15 months in mirror tasks
182
what are the 4 areas of self esteem that emerge in elementary school?
scholastic, athletic, social, physical appearance
183
what are some disadvantages of high self esteem?
inflated self esteem can contribute to bullying and aggression
184
what are the benefits of being a first born child?
generally higher intelligence, more compliant, more likely to go to university
185
what are the benefits of being a later born child?
tend to be more popular and innovative
186
what are the benefits of being an only child?
have better grades, higher levels of intelligence, leadership and maturity
