Final

Question 1

To be considered habitat for a species, what three basic things must be provided? Traditional HSI models also focus on these 3 elements as life requisites

Answer 1

Water, Cover, Food

Question 2

Direct or Indirect: Release of snowshoe hares that were captive reared

Answer 2

Direct

Question 3

Direct or Indirect: Removal of red maple trees less than 10-cm diameter

Answer 3

Indirect

Question 4

Direct or Indirect: Installation of a water guzzler to augment desert bighorn sheep habitat

Answer 4

Indirect

Question 5

Direct or Indirect: Regulated hunting of wild turkey

Answer 5

Direct

Question 6

Direct or Indirect: Use of goats to forage on invasive kudzu vine

Answer 6

Indirect

Question 7

Direct or Indirect: Prescribed fire on a tall grass prairie

Answer 7

Indirect

Question 8

Does the following longleaf-wiregrass ecosystem have relatively high or low vertical structure?

Answer 8

Low

Question 9

List 3 specific micro-habitat variables that could be measured (must be quantifiable!) in the longleaf-wiregrass ecosystem pictured above. At least 1 variable must pertain directly to structure and at least 1 variable directly to floristics.

Answer 9

• Basal area
• Understory plant diversity
• Max dbh longleaf pine/ha

Question 10

Which of the four habitats in the figure would you expect to support the highest animal diversity?

Answer 10

Habitat 4

Question 11

Which of the four habitats is most likely a prairie?

Answer 11

Habitat 2 is best answer

Question 12

First-order habitat selection

Answer 12

Selection of geographic range

Question 13

• Habitat quality

Answer 13

Implies some measure of fitness payoff for an organism’s use of a particular resource or patch of habitat

Question 14

• Fourth-order habitat selection

Answer 14

Selection of a specific food resource

Question 15

• Habitat selection

Answer 15

Process of how habitats are chosen

Question 16

• Habitat preference

Answer 16

Resource or habitat selection independent of availability

Question 17

Briefly describe the difference between habitat use and habitat selection

Answer 17

Use is simply that, just use – it tells us nothing about how available a food resource or habitat type is from the other choices available. Selection is use proportional to availability.

Question 18

Assuming Ideal Free Distribution, if you have 100 animals, how many would occupy each patch based on the available resources, as indicated by the bolded numbers?

Answer 18

A. 40

B. 10

C. 50

Question 19

If a species is distributed among habitat patches following the ideal despotic distribution, habitat suitability will decline at a faster rate as density increases than if distributed following the ideal free distribution.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

In addition to abundance and density, list three ways that can be used to evaluate the quality of a habitat for a particular species

Answer 20

• Health / Condition of Individuals
• Reproductive Success
• Survival Rate

Question 21

Briefly explain why abundance or density are not always good indicators or habitat quality

Answer 21

Territoriality by dominant individuals may result in highest quality habitats having the fewest number of individuals

Question 22

What is a major limitation when conducting surveys of wildlife that can be affected by weather, time of day, vegetation density, or researcher skill level (to name a few)?

Answer 22

Detectability

Question 23

American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) are able to access the entire landscape, and spend 35% of their time foraging in forests, 15% foraging in prairies, and 50% of their time foraging in agricultural fields. Describe the use of each habitat by crows as either random, avoiding, or selecting.

Prairie:

Forest:

Agriculture:

Answer 23

A. Avoidance

B. Avoidance

C: Selection

Question 24

Which of the following can be said of HSI models?

Answer 24

• Additive HSI models better describe more generalist, rather than specialist, species
• It’s typically easier to construct a reliable HSI model for specialist species

Question 25

Which of the following is not an uncertainty or unknown with wildlife habitat models? * Imprecise data * Uncertain inference * Limiting assumptions * Unforeseen circumstances * All of the above * None of the above

Answer 25

All of the Above

Question 26

If research found that structure was the ONLY thing that mattered to your target wildlife species, what would be the implications of that finding on invasive species management?

Answer 26

Then if an invasive plant species provided structure that was compatible or even beneficial to the wildlife species you are managing for, eradication or control may not be ultra-important

Question 27

Describe an ecological trap or a sink habitat in terms of proximate and ultimate cues

Answer 27

The proximate cues indicate that a site is worth settling, but the ultimate cues result in conditions less favorable than perceived for a host of various potential reasons; essentially the proximate / ultimate cues are mismatched

Question 28

The number for each patch is how many cumulative successfully fledged offspring were reared by mated pairs of blue-winged teal. Patch A was home to 4 mated pairs, patch B 5 mated pairs, and patch C 10 mated pairs. If one is studying habitats with the aim to guide future management choices by describing resources and conditions that are most advantageous to blue-winged teal, which patch should be the focus. (Patch A:20) (Patch B: 5) (Patch C: 25)

Answer 28

Patch A: 20

Question 29

The Cerulean warbler is neo‐tropical migrant songbird that has decreased in abundance over 70% in the past 40 years. Declines are largely attributable to habitat destruction and fragmentation and shifts in forest communities, though they were historically one of the most common birds in N. America. Cerulean warblers inhabit predominantly forested landscapes and are very sensitive to hard, abrupt edges. They are most commonly associated with oak‐dominated forest communities possessing a well‐developed understory as well as high vertical structure within the upper midstory and upper canopy layers – more complex structural characteristics associated with “old growth” forests. Cerulean warblers glean insects from mid‐upper canopy deciduous tree leaves and place nests on horizontal limbs with substantial foliage cover. Nests are commonly constructed using bark torn from grapevines and woven into an open cup structure. Nesting and foraging activities occur most commonly in white oaks with avoidance of maples and other shade‐tolerant hardwood species. Despite being so sensitive to hard edges, Cerulean warblers are surprisingly tolerant of more temporary disturbances caused by silvicultural practices. Ceruleans frequently experience increases in density where light‐moderate intensity tending and harvest treatments are implemented. The resulting structure and lower stocking density of remnant stands associated with those treatments is similar to key structural features that Ceruleans would normally inhabit within an unmanaged “old growth” forest landscape. The balance is that due to the Cerulean warbler’s selection of oak‐dominated woodlands, silvicultural practices enabling regeneration of these shade intolerant tree species must be utilized without causing excessive disturbance. Thinking about general forest conditions throughout Ohio (and in contrast to pre‐European settlement conditions), what factors have likely contributed to a long‐term decline in Cerulean warbler and other mature forest songbirds—species which favor more xeric forest communities and more complex forest stands reminiscent of “old growth” characteristics. One primary factor is mesophication. Define mesophication

Answer 29

Xeric to mesic forest community shifts Oak dominance to maple‐beech dominance Positive feedback cycle whereby cool damp shaded conditions coupled with less flammable fuel beds produce better and better conditions for shade‐tolerant mesophytic forest communities

Question 30

The Cerulean warbler is neo‐tropical migrant songbird that has decreased in abundance over 70% in the past 40 years. Declines are largely attributable to habitat destruction and fragmentation and shifts in forest communities, though they were historically one of the most common birds in N. America. Cerulean warblers inhabit predominantly forested landscapes and are very sensitive to hard, abrupt edges. They are most commonly associated with oak‐dominated forest communities possessing a well‐developed understory as well as high vertical structure within the upper midstory and upper canopy layers – more complex structural characteristics associated with “old growth” forests. Cerulean warblers glean insects from mid‐upper canopy deciduous tree leaves and place nests on horizontal limbs with substantial foliage cover. Nests are commonly constructed using bark torn from grapevines and woven into an open cup structure. Nesting and foraging activities occur most commonly in white oaks with avoidance of maples and other shade‐tolerant hardwood species. Despite being so sensitive to hard edges, Cerulean warblers are surprisingly tolerant of more temporary disturbances caused by silvicultural practices. Ceruleans frequently experience increases in density where light‐moderate intensity tending and harvest treatments are implemented. The resulting structure and lower stocking density of remnant stands associated with those treatments is similar to key structural features that Ceruleans would normally inhabit within an unmanaged “old growth” forest landscape. The balance is that due to the Cerulean warbler’s selection of oak‐dominated woodlands, silvicultural practices enabling regeneration of these shade intolerant tree species must be utilized without causing excessive disturbance. Thinking about general forest conditions throughout Ohio (and in contrast to pre‐European settlement conditions), what factors have likely contributed to a long‐term decline in Cerulean warbler and other mature forest songbirds—species which favor more xeric forest communities and more complex forest stands reminiscent of “old growth” characteristics. Describe 2 other factors likely responsible for the current trend in Cerulean warbler populations and which reflect Question 1’s focus.

Answer 30

Less overall forest cover; more fragmentation/edge, less core/interior forest Intermediate aged forests More homogenous stand structures Climate change (partial credit for this, oaks likely to be more favored in most scenarios) New ecosystem engineers/herbivory, oak regeneration Fire suppression / changing forestry practices

Question 31

The Cerulean warbler is neo‐tropical migrant songbird that has decreased in abundance over 70% in the past 40 years. Declines are largely attributable to habitat destruction and fragmentation and shifts in forest communities, though they were historically one of the most common birds in N. America. Cerulean warblers inhabit predominantly forested landscapes and are very sensitive to hard, abrupt edges. They are most commonly associated with oak‐dominated forest communities possessing a well‐developed understory as well as high vertical structure within the upper midstory and upper canopy layers – more complex structural characteristics associated with “old growth” forests. Cerulean warblers glean insects from mid‐upper canopy deciduous tree leaves and place nests on horizontal limbs with substantial foliage cover. Nests are commonly constructed using bark torn from grapevines and woven into an open cup structure. Nesting and foraging activities occur most commonly in white oaks with avoidance of maples and other shade‐tolerant hardwood species. Despite being so sensitive to hard edges, Cerulean warblers are surprisingly tolerant of more temporary disturbances caused by silvicultural practices. Ceruleans frequently experience increases in density where light‐moderate intensity tending and harvest treatments are implemented. The resulting structure and lower stocking density of remnant stands associated with those treatments is similar to key structural features that Ceruleans would normally inhabit within an unmanaged “old growth” forest landscape. The balance is that due to the Cerulean warbler’s selection of oak‐dominated woodlands, silvicultural practices enabling regeneration of these shade intolerant tree species must be utilized without causing excessive disturbance. Thinking about general forest conditions throughout Ohio (and in contrast to pre‐European settlement conditions), what factors have likely contributed to a long‐term decline in Cerulean warbler and other mature forest songbirds—species which favor more xeric forest communities and more complex forest stands reminiscent of “old growth” characteristics. What are the 3 most likely reasons mesophication has proliferated?

Answer 31

Fire suppression Herbivory / white‐tailed deer Changing forestry practices/silviculture

Question 32

The Cerulean warbler is neo‐tropical migrant songbird that has decreased in abundance over 70% in the past 40 years. Declines are largely attributable to habitat destruction and fragmentation and shifts in forest communities, though they were historically one of the most common birds in N. America. Cerulean warblers inhabit predominantly forested landscapes and are very sensitive to hard, abrupt edges. They are most commonly associated with oak‐dominated forest communities possessing a well‐developed understory as well as high vertical structure within the upper midstory and upper canopy layers – more complex structural characteristics associated with “old growth” forests. Cerulean warblers glean insects from mid‐upper canopy deciduous tree leaves and place nests on horizontal limbs with substantial foliage cover. Nests are commonly constructed using bark torn from grapevines and woven into an open cup structure. Nesting and foraging activities occur most commonly in white oaks with avoidance of maples and other shade‐tolerant hardwood species. Despite being so sensitive to hard edges, Cerulean warblers are surprisingly tolerant of more temporary disturbances caused by silvicultural practices. Ceruleans frequently experience increases in density where light‐moderate intensity tending and harvest treatments are implemented. The resulting structure and lower stocking density of remnant stands associated with those treatments is similar to key structural features that Ceruleans would normally inhabit within an unmanaged “old growth” forest landscape. The balance is that due to the Cerulean warbler’s selection of oak‐dominated woodlands, silvicultural practices enabling regeneration of these shade intolerant tree species must be utilized without causing excessive disturbance. Thinking about general forest conditions throughout Ohio (and in contrast to pre‐European settlement conditions), what factors have likely contributed to a long‐term decline in Cerulean warbler and other mature forest songbirds—species which favor more xeric forest communities and more complex forest stands reminiscent of “old growth” characteristics. ``` Which of the primary Eastern forest communities do you suppose provide the core of the Ceruleans summer (breeding) distribution? ```

Answer 32

Central Hardwoods

Question 33

The Cerulean warbler is neo‐tropical migrant songbird that has decreased in abundance over 70% in the past 40 years. Declines are largely attributable to habitat destruction and fragmentation and shifts in forest communities, though they were historically one of the most common birds in N. America. Cerulean warblers inhabit predominantly forested landscapes and are very sensitive to hard, abrupt edges. They are most commonly associated with oak‐dominated forest communities possessing a well‐developed understory as well as high vertical structure within the upper midstory and upper canopy layers – more complex structural characteristics associated with “old growth” forests. Cerulean warblers glean insects from mid‐upper canopy deciduous tree leaves and place nests on horizontal limbs with substantial foliage cover. Nests are commonly constructed using bark torn from grapevines and woven into an open cup structure. Nesting and foraging activities occur most commonly in white oaks with avoidance of maples and other shade‐tolerant hardwood species. Despite being so sensitive to hard edges, Cerulean warblers are surprisingly tolerant of more temporary disturbances caused by silvicultural practices. Ceruleans frequently experience increases in density where light‐moderate intensity tending and harvest treatments are implemented. The resulting structure and lower stocking density of remnant stands associated with those treatments is similar to key structural features that Ceruleans would normally inhabit within an unmanaged “old growth” forest landscape. The balance is that due to the Cerulean warbler’s selection of oak‐dominated woodlands, silvicultural practices enabling regeneration of these shade intolerant tree species must be utilized without causing excessive disturbance. Cerulean warblers are vulnerable to fragmentation because they are area‐sensitive species, which of the following other species groups are NOT sensitive to fragmentation A. rare species B. species with large home ranges C. high reproductive rates D. poor dispersers

Answer 33

C. High Reproductive Rates

Question 34

The Cerulean warbler is neo‐tropical migrant songbird that has decreased in abundance over 70% in the past 40 years. Declines are largely attributable to habitat destruction and fragmentation and shifts in forest communities, though they were historically one of the most common birds in N. America. Cerulean warblers inhabit predominantly forested landscapes and are very sensitive to hard, abrupt edges. They are most commonly associated with oak‐dominated forest communities possessing a well‐developed understory as well as high vertical structure within the upper midstory and upper canopy layers – more complex structural characteristics associated with “old growth” forests. Cerulean warblers glean insects from mid‐upper canopy deciduous tree leaves and place nests on horizontal limbs with substantial foliage cover. Nests are commonly constructed using bark torn from grapevines and woven into an open cup structure. Nesting and foraging activities occur most commonly in white oaks with avoidance of maples and other shade‐tolerant hardwood species. Despite being so sensitive to hard edges, Cerulean warblers are surprisingly tolerant of more temporary disturbances caused by silvicultural practices. Ceruleans frequently experience increases in density where light‐moderate intensity tending and harvest treatments are implemented. The resulting structure and lower stocking density of remnant stands associated with those treatments is similar to key structural features that Ceruleans would normally inhabit within an unmanaged “old growth” forest landscape. The balance is that due to the Cerulean warbler’s selection of oak‐dominated woodlands, silvicultural practices enabling regeneration of these shade intolerant tree species must be utilized without causing excessive disturbance. Based on what you know about Cerulean warblers, would you think they are more negatively impacted by which of the following Edges Ecotones Inherent Edges Induced Edges Abrupt Edges Gradual Edges

Answer 34

Edges, Induced Edges Abrupt Edges

Question 35

What are three specific ways that wildlife may benefit from fire?

Answer 35

Nutrient Recycling invasive species removal opening up the understory provides a more diverse forest and early successional habitat

Question 36

Circle the type of prescribed burn that I describe which each statement Winter Burns or Summer Burns: Also known as growing season burns Winter Burns or Summer: Burns Fires kill the rootstock and control of competition is more complete. Winter Burns or Summer Burns: Less risk of incidental mortality to wildlife

Answer 36

A. Summer Burns B. Summer Burns C. Winter Burns

Question 37

Researchers with a more patch‐biased perspective on habitat loss and fragmentation, would attribute more of the Cerulean warblers’ decline to habitat loss. True or False

Answer 37

False

Question 38

Cerulean warblers commonly utilize SMZs as corridors between larger patches of contiguous forest. What does the acronym SMZ stand for?

Answer 38

Streamside Management Zones

Question 39

If an SMZ only serves to facilitate movement across the landscape, it is properly termed a habitat corridor True or False

Answer 39

False

Question 40

Put the following in correct order after a major (stand replacing) disturbance and assuming no additional major disturbances occur. (5 points) A. “Old Growth” or Climax B. Stem Exclusion or Pole stage C. Stand Initiation or Old Field or Shrub Sapling Stage D. Understory Re‐initiation or Mature Forest E. Pioneer Community

Answer 40

1. E 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. A

Question 41

What are the 2 forest stages which best describe where the bulk of Ohio’s forests are today?

Answer 41

Stem -exclsuion/pole stage Understore re-initiation/mature forest

Question 42

Which stage is generally considered to have the least overall value for wildlife?

Answer 42

Stem exclusion/pole stage

Question 43

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is a term used to describe the “old growth” or “climax” state in which forest stands are in a constant flux of mature tree mortality and growth of understory trees to fill those gaps.

Answer 43

Dynamic equilibrium

Question 44

The Cerulean warbler is neo‐tropical migrant songbird that has decreased in abundance over 70% in the past 40 years. Declines are largely attributable to habitat destruction and fragmentation and shifts in forest communities, though they were historically one of the most common birds in N. America. Cerulean warblers inhabit predominantly forested landscapes and are very sensitive to hard, abrupt edges. They are most commonly associated with oak‐dominated forest communities possessing a well‐developed understory as well as high vertical structure within the upper midstory and upper canopy layers – more complex structural characteristics associated with “old growth” forests. Cerulean warblers glean insects from mid‐upper canopy deciduous tree leaves and place nests on horizontal limbs with substantial foliage cover. Nests are commonly constructed using bark torn from grapevines and woven into an open cup structure. Nesting and foraging activities occur most commonly in white oaks with avoidance of maples and other shade‐tolerant hardwood species. Despite being so sensitive to hard edges, Cerulean warblers are surprisingly tolerant of more temporary disturbances caused by silvicultural practices. Ceruleans frequently experience increases in density where light‐moderate intensity tending and harvest treatments are implemented. The resulting structure and lower stocking density of remnant stands associated with those treatments is similar to key structural features that Ceruleans would normally inhabit within an unmanaged “old growth” forest landscape. The balance is that due to the Cerulean warbler’s selection of oak‐dominated woodlands, silvicultural practices enabling regeneration of these shade intolerant tree species must be utilized without causing excessive disturbance. Based on what you know about quality Cerulean warbler habitat, prescribe a tending (intermediate) treatment that could create and/or prolong “good” habitat characteristics for the species. Name a specific treatment and specify its general effect on forest stand structure. Assume you are starting with an oak‐hickory stand in late pole stage or very early stages of understory re‐initiation.

Answer 44

Thinning is the best answer, fire also given credit Reallocates growth to remaining trees, temporarily allows light back into stand; increases spacing between trees, can alter both hor. and vertical structure

Question 45

The Cerulean warbler is neo‐tropical migrant songbird that has decreased in abundance over 70% in the past 40 years. Declines are largely attributable to habitat destruction and fragmentation and shifts in forest communities, though they were historically one of the most common birds in N. America. Cerulean warblers inhabit predominantly forested landscapes and are very sensitive to hard, abrupt edges. They are most commonly associated with oak‐dominated forest communities possessing a well‐developed understory as well as high vertical structure within the upper midstory and upper canopy layers – more complex structural characteristics associated with “old growth” forests. Cerulean warblers glean insects from mid‐upper canopy deciduous tree leaves and place nests on horizontal limbs with substantial foliage cover. Nests are commonly constructed using bark torn from grapevines and woven into an open cup structure. Nesting and foraging activities occur most commonly in white oaks with avoidance of maples and other shade‐tolerant hardwood species. Despite being so sensitive to hard edges, Cerulean warblers are surprisingly tolerant of more temporary disturbances caused by silvicultural practices. Ceruleans frequently experience increases in density where light‐moderate intensity tending and harvest treatments are implemented. The resulting structure and lower stocking density of remnant stands associated with those treatments is similar to key structural features that Ceruleans would normally inhabit within an unmanaged “old growth” forest landscape. The balance is that due to the Cerulean warbler’s selection of oak‐dominated woodlands, silvicultural practices enabling regeneration of these shade intolerant tree species must be utilized without causing excessive disturbance. Prescribe the optimal even‐aged harvest strategy that would create and/or prolong “good” Cerulean warbler habitat.

Answer 45

Shelterwood

Question 46

Prescribe the optimal uneven‐aged harvest strategy that would supply similar structural characteristics, perhaps even providing those beneficial conditions for a longer period of time for Ceruleans.

Answer 46

Group Selection

Question 47

Regardless of whether you ultimately chose the uneven‐aged over the even‐aged method or vice versa, what spatial configuration (i.e., shape) of your management compartments would minimize fragmentation and edge effect impacts?

Answer 47

Circular

Question 48

Given even‐ versus uneven‐aged management favors certain types of tree species (floristics!) for regeneration, given what else you know about Cerulean warbler habitat requirements, what is the best choice?

Answer 48

Shelterwood

Question 49

Cerulean warblers commonly utilize SMZs as corridors between larger patches of contiguous forest. A SMZ is one specific type of corridor. Corridors in general are an important tool that wildlife managers use to combat fragmentation and create linkages through landscape which preserve and facilitate the genetic integrity of populations. As a general rule of thumb, longer corridors can be effective with relatively narrower width. True or False

Answer 49

False

Question 50

Cerulean warblers commonly utilize SMZs as corridors between larger patches of contiguous forest. A SMZ is one specific type of corridor. Corridors in general are an important tool that wildlife managers use to combat fragmentation and create linkages through landscape which preserve and facilitate the genetic integrity of populations. A landscape‐based approach (as opposed to a patch‐based approach) to corridor design is far better at conveying the true complexity and heterogeneity inherent in spatial connectivity. True or False

Answer 50

True

Question 51

Cerulean warblers commonly utilize SMZs as corridors between larger patches of contiguous forest. A SMZ is one specific type of corridor. Corridors in general are an important tool that wildlife managers use to combat fragmentation and create linkages through landscape which preserve and facilitate the genetic integrity of populations. An extinction vortex describes the cyclical manner in which populations may eventually go extinct. True or False

Answer 51

True

Question 52

Corridors are by nature at least somewhat “edgy”, what is a forest habitat management technique you could use to combat unnaturally abrupt edges and create less deleterious conditions for species using the corridor?

Answer 52

Edge feathering

Question 53

CREP

Answer 53

Conservation Reserve Enhancement program

Question 54

CREP in Ohio

Answer 54

Lake Erie CREP Upper Big Walnut Creek CREP Scioto River Watershed CREP

Question 55

Which generation of the monarch butterfly lays eggs in ohio

Answer 55

Last generation

Question 56

Ohio Pollinator Habitat Initiative

Answer 56

All you can - where you can

Question 57

What are the 3 main objectives of CRP

Answer 57

Water quality soil erosion wildlife habitat

Question 58

CRP

Answer 58

A mid-contract voluntary program to ensure plant diversity, protect soil and water. Resources, field assessments, establish

Question 59

Farmbill

Answer 59

To keep prairie (mid-contract management) mowing, grazing, selective herbicides. Thatch layer (burn/ lay it/ discing or tilling) Interseeding

Question 60

Precision Agriculture

Answer 60

Farming mgmt concept based on observing, measuring, and responding to inter and intra field variability in crops (GIS heavy)

Question 61

What are the criteria of wetlands for the divisin of wildlife private lands?

Answer 61

Hydrology Hydric soils hydrophilic plants

Question 62

What criteria makes an edge non-profitable

Answer 62

wet, animals use it, sunlight

Question 63

Why do we map soil composition while harvesting?

Answer 63

Tells where it is profitable and where it isn't

Question 64

True or False: non-profitable edges create buffers, these are typically include native species grasses and wildlife habitat

Answer 64

True

Question 65

What are the ABC's of wetlands mgmt?

Answer 65

A. Water level mgmt B. vegetation response C. wildlife utilization

Question 66

Division of Wildlifes private lands wetland program

Answer 66

Cost share/ program Tiered incentives for tiered easement options

Question 67

What are the tiered easement options in wetlands management?

Answer 67

Permanent 30 year restoration

Question 68

What is the difference between mgmt and mitigation?

Answer 68

mitigation there was an impact/damage, mgmt wholestanding, what you have, what objectives are and what it would like, and how to do it

Question 69

What is the difference between mitigation and restoration?

Answer 69

mitigation is changing habitat/ altering for better or worse and restoration is returning land to historical habitat

Question 70

What are the 3 tiers of mitigation

Answer 70

level 1 - avoid level 2 - minimize level 3 - compensate (ruined / try to find somewhere else)

Question 71

What is WRP?

Answer 71

Wetlands Reserve Program

Question 72

What is CRP?

Answer 72

Conservation Reserve Program - must be agricultural

Question 73

What is the purpose of CRP?

Answer 73

1. wildlife habitat 2. manage nutrient runoff 3. improve soil conditions

Question 74

What is EQIP?

Answer 74

Environmental quality incentives program

Question 75

What does EQIP do?

Answer 75

WHIP Brush control field border timerstand improvement restoration of rare or declining natural communities early successional habitat development/ mgmt conservation crop rotation

Question 76

What is WHIP?

Answer 76

Wildlife habitat incentive program

Question 77

What does WHIP do

Answer 77

offers up to 75% cost share to carry out recommended activities.

Question 78

True or False: Reclaimed minelands may be a good representation of novel ecosystems.

Answer 78

True

Question 79

What are the criteria of novel ecosystems?

Answer 79

1. can't come back 2. no historical analog 3. no active mgmt

Question 80

Why are horses more damaging to grass lands than deer, elk, goats, sheep and cows?

Answer 80

They have different dental structure with incisors on top and bottom.

Question 81

What make prairie dogs unique?

Answer 81

They interact with others in the food web through trophic linkages they have engineering relationships

Question 82

Regeneration Harvest

Answer 82

Clear-cutting - removal of all trees in a specific area larger than 1 ha

Question 83

Shelterwood

Answer 83

process of allowing new seed growth under the shelter of existing trees that will later be cut down to allow more light for the seedlings

Question 84

Seed tree cut

Answer 84

almost complete harvest of a tree stand except for a few retained for natural reseeding and future harvest

Question 85

Group selection harvest

Answer 85

Removal of 2+ trees creating a canopy gap

Question 86

Streamsize Management Zones (SMZs)

Answer 86

Forested buffers along streams with the goal of limiting sediment and surface runoff and regulating temperature fluctuations.

Question 87

What is a grassland?

Answer 87

a plant community dominated by grasses and forbs trees and shrubs less prominent, even absent little rainfall regions with wide seasonal fluctuations in temperature and moisture can be both temperate and tropical

Question 88

What are the different types of grasslands?

Answer 88

Prairies, steppes, savannahs

Question 89

Prairie (The Wilds)

Answer 89

moister subset of grasslands

Question 90

Steppe (The gunnison Basin, CO)

Answer 90

Higher altitude, often drier grasslands or shrublands

Question 91

Savannah

Answer 91

grassland with scattered trees (Daughmer state nature preserve)