Final

Question 1

Free Association

Answer 1

Practice used by Freud in psychoanalytic theory where the patient is allowed to say anything that comes to mind, it helps the patients uncover their unconscious thoughts and feelings that have been ignored repressed

Question 2

Displacement

Answer 2

Freudian ego defense mechanism
-Redirection of an impulse towards a substitute target that resembles the original in some way but is safer
Ex: getting angry because boss yelled at you then displacing your anger by kicking the trash can in your office, it is more appropriate

Question 3

Discrimination

Answer 3

Pavlovian
First animals respond indiscriminately to a range of stimuli
By Selective reinforcement, Pavlov trained his animals to make a conditioned response to the reinforced stimulus but not other stimuli

Question 4

Contingencies of reinforcement

Answer 4

Skinner
Relationship between a response and the changes in stimulation that follow the response
Certain conditions elicit a response and others don’t

Question 5

Ethology

Answer 5

Study of animal behavior in a natural environment
Focus on species differences
Concern w/ what happens in the wild
Fixed Action Pattern framework

Question 6

Intelligence quotient

Answer 6

Stern
Representing a person’s intelligence compared to the statistical norm
Mental age/chronological age

Question 7

Generalization

Answer 7

Pavlov
Discovered while investigating conditioned reflexes that conditions responses often occur to stimuli that are similar (but not identical to) the original conditioned stimulus

Question 8

Reinforcement schedules (6)

Answer 8

Different learning rates if present the reinforcement in different ways

continual 
Intermittent
Interval
Ratio
Fixed 
Variable

Question 9

Catharsis

Answer 9

Freud

Process of venting aggression as a way to release or get rid of emotions

Question 10

Rationalization

Answer 10

Freudian defense mechanism in which a person’s true motivations are denied and a false excuse or explanation is substituted for them

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

Pavlov
When conditioned stimulus is paired repeatedly w/ o unconditioned stimulus
Response eventually disappears

Question 12

Cognitive map

Answer 12

Tolman
Rats often times show hesitation in maze, supporting a vicarious “trial and error” processed because it seemed that the rate was involved in form of deliberation
They form a cognitive map of their surroundings, which is a mental representation of the environment
Awareness of all possible outcomes

Question 13

Hysteria

Answer 13

Charcot

Presence of physical symptoms w/o neurological cause

Question 14

Reaction formation

Answer 14

Freud eco defense mechanism
A person acts in the exact opposite manner to his own disturbing or socially unacceptable thoughts or emotions
Often unconscious and appears exaggerated, perhaps in effort to overcompensate for the embarrassment, guilt or repulsion the person feels regarding his private thoughts

Question 15

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 15

Pavlov

The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after delay

Question 16

Operational definition

Answer 16

Identifies one or more specific, observable events or conditions such that any other researcher can independently measure and/or test for them
Bridgeman

Question 17

Psychoanalysis

Answer 17

Freud

The therapy that concentrates on brining forward unconscious thoughts

Question 18

Wish fulfillment

Answer 18

Dreams as wish fulfillments-compromise between desire and self-censorship
Most important motivator

Question 19

Object permanence

Answer 19

Piaget – sensorimotor stage

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched

Question 20

Parapraxis

Answer 20

Freud

Expression of the unconscious in everyday life

Question 21

Transference

Answer 21

Freud
The displacement or projection onto the analyst of unconscious emotions and desires initially direct toward imperative people, like mothers and fathers, during the patient

Question 22

Skinner box

Answer 22

• Aka operant chamber
• Skinners experimental apparatus for studying schedule of reinforcement in animals
• Allows researchers to precisely control the delivery of reinforcement and the conditions under which delivery will occur

Question 23

Dream Work

Answer 23

Freud
The process that leads anxiety- provoking ideas to appear in distinguished forms in dreams
Dreams contain both manifest and latent content
Dream work is the psychological process responsible for this restructuring

Question 24

Manifest content

Answer 24

Surface structure of the dream

Question 25

Latent

Answer 25

Hidden content of the dream; what lies buried below the surface; its deeper meaning

Question 26

Posthypnotic Suggestion

Answer 26

Charcot | Statement or commands given to people while under hypnosis that the person acts on when in full waking state

Question 27

Classical Conditioning

Answer 27

Pavlov A learning processes by which a subject comes to respond in a specific way to previously neutral stimulus after the subject repeatedly encounters the neutral stimulus that already elicits a response

Question 28

Morgan's Cannon

Answer 28

Morgan The idea that as humans we use over complex ideals of animal behavior, sometimes even assuming they have typically "human" characteristics when instead we should simplify this and assume them as simple animals-nothing more.

Question 29

Projection

Answer 29

Freudian defense mechanism in which one's unacceptable feelings are repressed and then attributed to someone else instead

Question 30

Operant conditioning

Answer 30

Skinner Type of learning in which behavior is strengthened when it's followed by reinforcement, and weakened when follow by punishment Based on simple premise- that behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow

Question 31

Intervening variables

Answer 31

Tolman | A hypothetical variable used to explain casual links b/w other variables

Question 32

Imprinting

Answer 32

Lorenz A form of social learning where individuals exposed to certain key stimuli, usually during an early stage of development, form an association or attachment to the object

Question 33

Fixation

Answer 33

Freud Though feeling or behavior becomes focused, rigid, persistent and inflexible due to unresolved issue or conflict Fixation is a focus of the id's pleasure, part of stage of psychosexual development

Question 34

Unconscious motivation

Answer 34

Freud | W/ regard to psychoanalytic theory, desires, urges, intentions, and motivators of which the self isn't conscious of

Question 35

Critical period

Answer 35

Lorenz | A period in the life span of an individual where learning or imprinting is greatly facilitated

Question 36

Honeybee Waggle Dance

Answer 36

• Frisch o Round dance  When food is near range o Waggle dance  If the food is more than 50 feet out of range- they do waggle  Conveys information about the distance and location of the food source  The angle between the straight line part of the dance and suns position in the sky signals the location of the food source  Other cues (smell, sound, vibration) also help foragers locate the food source  The length of the straight part of the dance is the distance from the hive to the food source o Bees have good spatial memory  Can remember visual landmarks and have an internal clock • The position of sun in sky is something that they use o Discovered that if you provide a good food source and see how they react to finding it  They could not find it a new location  Reason: they weren’t only using sense of smell, but he observed that when it finds the food it does a complicated dancing routine back in the hive o Dance cannot be purely visual because they do the same thing in the dark and in the light o The rate that it flaps its wings is the quality and difficulty of the food source o Referential communication:  Before mainly seen in humans  Bees are simple but have tiny nervous systems

Question 37

Latent learning

Answer 37

Tolman A form of learning that can take place in the absence of any rewards of reinforcement Learning takes place w/o being translated into behavios

Question 38

Thorndike's law of effect

Answer 38

Assertion that when sequences are followed w/ pleasure, they are strengthened, while responses followed by annoyance or pain tend to be weakened

Question 39

Sign Stimulus

Answer 39

Tinbergen | The component of an action or object that triggers a fixed response in an animal

Question 40

Fixed Action Pattern

Answer 40

Lorenz | Innate, stereotyped response triggered by a well-defined simple stimulus

Question 41

Orienting response

Answer 41

Pavlov Response involving autonomic nervous system responses that occur in preparation for action (muscle tensions, increased heart rate, etc.)

Question 42

Regression to the mean

Answer 42

Galton The phenomenon that if a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average on its second measurement

Question 43

Industrial Melanism

Answer 43

Darwin Dark and light forms of peppered moths Dark moths more prevalent when Industrial Revolution

Question 44

Phrenology

Answer 44

Gall Pseudoscience--surface of the skull mirrors the exaggerations of functional areas in the cortex, bumps on skill are associated w/ faculties that are prominent in individuals

Question 45

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 45

Darwin’s hypothesis that when members of species that arrive in a new location can change their properties to adapt to their new surroundings