Final

Question 1

Unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual.

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

A disposition to behave consistently in a particular way.

Answer 2

Trait

Question 3

Biologically based disposition to behave in certain ways, which lays the foundation for later personality traits.

Answer 3

Temperament

Question 4

The point at which a person moves from not having a particular response to having one.

Answer 4

Behavioral thresholds

Question 5

Measuring fetal heart rate

Answer 5

Can reveal about temperament differences.

A high rate at 36 weeks foreshadowed less predictable eating and sleeping habits at 3-6 months.

Question 6

Id

Answer 6

functions out of the “pleasure principle”
one of Freud’s provinces of the mind; the seat of impulses and desire; the part of our personality that we do not yet own; it owns or controls us.

Question 7

Ego

Answer 7

Operates on the “reality principle”

A sense of self; the only part of the mind that is in direct contact with the outside world.

Question 8

Superego

Answer 8

Operates out of the “moralistic principle”
The part the self that monitors and controls behavior; “stands over us” and evaluates actions in terms of right and wrong; hence, our conscience.

Question 9

unconscious strategies the mind uses to protect itself from anxiety by denying and distorting reality in some way.

Answer 9

Defense mechanisms

Question 10

Repression

Answer 10

the unconscious act keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of the consciousness.

Question 11

Reaction formation

Answer 11

a defense mechanism that occurs when an unpleasant idea, feeling, or impulse is turned into its opposite.
Ex: homophobes

Question 12

Sublimination

Answer 12

A defense mechanism that involves expressing a socially unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable way.

Question 13

Projection

Answer 13

A defense mechanism in which people deny particular ideas. feelings, or impulses and project them onto others.

Question 14

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages (order)

Answer 14

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

Question 15

Fixation

Answer 15

being stuck in a stage, associated with Freud.

Question 16

Social loafing

Answer 16

phenomenon in which the presence of others causes one to relax one’s standards and slack off

Question 17

Social facilitation

Answer 17

phenomenon in which the presence of others improves one’s performance

Question 18

rules about acceptable behavior imposed by the cultural context in which one liives

Answer 18

Social norms

Question 19

Informational social influence

Answer 19

conformity to the behavior of others because one views them as a source of knowledge about what one is supposed to do

Question 20

Normative social influence

Answer 20

conformity to the behavior of others in order to be accepted by them

Question 21

Conformity

Answer 21

tendency of people to adjust their behavior to what others are doing or to adhere to the norms of their culture.

Question 22

Groupthink

Answer 22

situation in which the thinking of the group takes over, so much so that group members forgo logic or critical analysis in the service of reaching a decision

Question 23

a type of conformity in which a person yields to the will of another person

Answer 23

Obedience

Question 24

Attribution

Answer 24

inferences made about the causes of other people’s behavior.
Two types: internal (dispositional attributions)
External (situational attributions)

Question 25

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 25

the tendency to explain others' behavior in dispositional rather than situational terms

Question 26

Stereotypes

Answer 26

schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on groups to which they belong

Question 27

Difference between discrimination and prejudice

Answer 27

Prejudice-a biased ATTITUDE toward a group of people... | Discrimination-preferential TREATMENT of certain people, usually driven by prejudicial attitudes.

Question 28

action that is beneficial to others

Answer 28

Prosocial behavior

Question 29

selfless attitudes and behavior towards others

Answer 29

Alturism

Question 30

Types of altruism

Answer 30

Kin-Selection-you help your relatives and kin first. Recipricol-selfless in hope that you'll receive that treatment in the future. Social-Exchange Theory-People will help others when the benefits outweigh the cost. Empathy Alterism hypothesis-people will help others selflessly only when they feel empathy for them.

Question 31

Bystander effect

Answer 31

phenomenon in which the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely anyone is to help

Question 32

Assortative Mating

Answer 32

People tend to be attracted to and partner with people of similar level of attractiveness to themselves.

Question 33

Three criteria that qualify a behavior as disordered

Answer 33

Deviant, distressing, and dysfunctional

Question 34

General Anxiety Disorder

Answer 34

characterized by pervasive and excessive state of anxiety lasting at least six months. People with GAD often have been anxious throughout their lives and cannot recall when they began to feel that way.

Question 35

Panic Attacks

Answer 35

brief episodes of anxiety associated with perceptions of threat and occurring because of fear of danger, inability to escape, embarrassment, or specific objects, for example. Characterized by an overwhelming sense of impending doom, accompanied by heart palpitations, trembling, dizziness, intense dread, and even fear of dying. Usually last about ten minutes

Question 36

PTSD

Answer 36

A type of anxiety disorder triggered by exposure to a catastrophic of horrifying event that poses serious harm or threat. Three categories of symptoms: 1. re-experiencing the trauma 2. avoiding thoughts, feelings, and activities associated with the trauma. 3. increased arousal, such as irritability, sleeping, or exaggerated startle response.

Question 37

Phobias

Answer 37

an anxiety disorder: an ongoing and irrational fear of a particular object, situations, or activity.

Question 38

Agoraphobia

Answer 38

an anxiety disorder involving fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available should a panic attack occur.

Question 39

OCD

Answer 39

an anxiety disorder in which obsessive thoughts lead to compulsive behavior.

Question 40

Obsession

Answer 40

an unwanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress.

Question 41

Compulsion

Answer 41

a repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules

Question 42

mood disorder characterized by pervasive low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt that last of at least two consecutive weeks

Answer 42

Major depressive disorder

Question 43

mood disorder characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, cycling between very low (depression) and very high (manic) moods. At one time, it was called "manic depression".

Answer 43

Bipolar disorder

Question 44

one mood cycle in bipolar disorder, typically involving increased energy, sleeplessness, euphoria, irritability, delusions of grandeur, increased sex drive, and "racing thoughts"

Answer 44

Manic episode

Question 45

D-I-G-F-A-S-T

Answer 45

``` Distractibility Indiscretion Grandiosity Flight of ideas Activity increased Sleep (decreased need for) Talkativeness ```

Question 46

a relatively mild but long lasting form of bipolar disorder.

Answer 46

Cyclothymia

Question 47

psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotion, specifically problems with perceptions, including hallucinations.

Answer 47

Schitzophrenia

Question 48

Positive symptoms of Schitzophrenia

Answer 48

Hallucinations, delusional thinking, and disorganized thought and speech.

Question 49

Negative symptoms of Schitzophrenia

Answer 49

nonresponsiveness, emotional flatness, immobility or the striking of strange poses (catatonia), reduction of speaking, and inability to complete tasks.

Question 50

Somatization disorder

Answer 50

psychological disorder in which a person complains of multiple physical disorders that have no known medical or physical basis.