Final

Question 1

Define Obtunded

Answer 1

Refers to less than full alertness (altered level of consciousness), typically as a result of a medical condition or trauma. It can appear in hypercalcaemic crisis.

Question 2

Define Gastroscopy

Answer 2

Is an examination of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum (upper part of the small bowel) using a flexible telescope called a gastroscope.

Question 3

Define Postpartum

Answer 3

Following childbirth

Question 4

What is Cycloplegic?

Answer 4

An eye drop that causes paralysis of the ciliary muscle, resulting in loss of accommodation for 2-48hrs, depending on the strength. Doctors use this to allow them to measure the patient’s vision problem.

Question 5

What is Miotic?

Answer 5

Eye drop that constricts the pupil. Used to treat glaucoma.

Question 6

What is Mydriatic?

Answer 6

Eye drop that dilates the pupil. Used for certain eye exams and treatment of eye inflammations.

Question 7

What is donepezil (Aricept)

Answer 7

Donepezil is used to treat confusion (dementia) related to Alzheimer’s disease.

Question 8

What is erythropoietin (Eprex)

Answer 8

used to increase the production of red blood cells and decrease the need for transfusions of red blood cells.

Question 9

What is fluoxetine (Prozac)

Answer 9

Fluoxetine is used to treat depression, panic attacks, obsessive compulsive disorder, a certain eating disorder (bulimia), and a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (premenstrual dysphoric disorder).

Question 10

What is the antidote for Magnesium sulfate?

Answer 10

Calcium Gluconate

Question 11

What is the antidote for Heparin/Low Molecular weight heparin?

Answer 11

Protamine Sulfate

Question 12

What is the antidote for Warfarin?

Answer 12

Vitamin K

Question 13

What is the antidote for Acetaminophen (Tylenol)?

Answer 13

Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)

Question 14

What is the antidote for Opiates?

Answer 14

Naloxone (Narcan)

Question 15

What is the antidote for Benzodiazepines?

Answer 15

Flumazenil

Question 16

What is the antidote for Digoxin?

Answer 16

Digibind

Question 17

What is the antidote for Iron?

Answer 17

Deferoxamine

Question 18

What can decrease absorption of medication?

Answer 18

Area of absorptive surface, Blood flow, Pain, Stress, Disease, Diet, Route, Drug formulation & Other drugs.

Question 19

Drinking water with medication can increase absorption of medication. Increasing absorption may do what to the onset of the medication?

Answer 19

txtbook

Question 20

How can constipation increase absorption of medications?

Answer 20

txtbook

Question 21

What are some factors, other than the aging process, that may affect distribution of medications?

Answer 21

Blood flow, Solubility & Protein binding

Question 22

What are idiosyncratic effects?

Answer 22

non documented drug effect, likely due to individual genetics (unpredictable/unexplained)

Question 23

Review metabolism and excretion of medications.

Answer 23

Refers to the chemical alteration of a drug by the body
process in which the drug is changed to a water soluble form so it can be excreted.
When a drug is metabolized in can become one of three…
1. Inactive metabolite (no longer able to work in the body)
2. Active metabolite (metabolized but still able to work in the body)
3. Pro drug (a drug that doesn’t become active until it is metabolized)

Factors affecting metabolism are:
 Liver failure 
 Genetics
 Environment and other drugs
 Age

Question 24

What are Antagonistic effects?

Answer 24

when two drugs compete for absorption or protein binding sites resulting in a less then desired therapeutic effect for one or both drugs

Question 25

What are Synergistic effects?

Answer 25

different drugs given together to increase the action of one of the drugs

Question 26

How do adrenergic agonists work?

Answer 26

Produce fight or flight response; Mimics sympathetic neurotransmitters (epinephrine and norepinephrine);

Question 27

What are some common side/adverse effects of adrenergic agonist medications?

Answer 27

Tachycardia; Hypertension; Palpations; Dry Mouth

Question 28

How do adrenergic blockers work?

Answer 28

Block alpha and beta receptor sites; Indirectly inhibit the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine;

Question 29

What are some side effects of adrenergic blockers?

Answer 29

orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, drowsiness

Question 30

How do cholinergic agonists work?

Answer 30

mimic the parasympathetic neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Question 31

What is the difference between fat soluble and water soluble vitamins?

Answer 31

Fat Soluble: Metabolized slowly, stored in fatty tissue of liver and muscles, excreted in urine slowly, includes A D E K. Water Soluble: Not stored in body, readily excreted in urine. Includes Vitamin B12, B complex, Vitamin C, & Folic Acid

Question 32

Why is vitamin K essential for?

Answer 32

Required for synthesis of prothrombin & clotting factors

Question 33

What is vitamin B12 essential for?

Answer 33

Helps in the formation of red blood cells Maintenance of the CNS- keeps nerves working properly Essential for DNA synthesis

Question 34

What is pernicious anemia?

Answer 34

Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Question 35

What are some possible adverse effects of K+ supplementation?

Answer 35

Changes in cardiac rhythm, skeletal muscle irritability, damage to veins (IV)

Question 36

What are some possible side effects of iron supplementation?

Answer 36

Constipation

Question 37

What vitamin is given with calcium to enhance absorption?

Answer 37

Vitamin D

Question 38

What are some side effects of magnesium? What GI issue may it be used to treat?

Answer 38

Used as a laxative for constipation. Side effects may include diarrhea.

Question 39

What is warfarin used to treat? What does it do? What is the antidote? Health teaching?

Answer 39

Warfarin is an anti-coagulant ( blood thinner); Antidote is Vitamin K; INR Bloodwork should be done

Question 40

What is heparin used to treat? What does it do? What is the antidote?

Answer 40

Heparin is an Anticoagulant used to Prevent clot formation in veins; do not dissolve existing clots. Antidote is Protamine Sulfate.

Question 41

What is the difference between thrombolytic drugs, anti-platelets, and anti-coagulants?

Answer 41

Anticoagulants prevent clot formation Antiplatelet suppress platelet aggregation Thrombolytic are clot busters

Question 42

What are antilipidemics used to treat?

Answer 42

Cholesterol

Question 43

What are adverse effects of statins?

Answer 43

textbook

Question 44

What are the actions of bile acid sequestrants?

Answer 44

Bind bile acids, which contain a high concentration of cholesterol. Because of their large size, resins are not absorbed from the small intestine and the bound bile acids and cholesterol are eliminated in the feces.

Question 45

What is furosemide used to treat? What is the effect of this medication on BP?

Answer 45

Heart Failure & Kidney Disease; Loop Diuretic; Potassium-Wasting; Lower BP

Question 46

Name the indication for erythropoietin [epoietin (Eprex)] and nursing considerations when administering this medication.

Answer 46

textbook

Question 47

What classifications of rescue inhalers given to patients with acute asthma? Examples? Health teaching?

Answer 47

textbook

Question 48

What classifications of maintenance inhalers administered to patients with asthma and COPD? Examples? Health teaching?

Answer 48

textbook

Question 49

What are antitussives used to treat, and what are some common side effects?

Answer 49

Used to suppress cough reflex. Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, blurred vision, upset stomach, nausea, constipation, or dry mouth/nose/throat may occur.