Final

Question 1

Definitive Host

Answer 1

host where parasite reaches sexual maturity

Question 2

Intermediate Host

Answer 2

host where parasite may grow, develop, or reproduce asexually (also called secondary host)

Question 3

2 types of parasites

Answer 3

microparasites:
reproduce in host, found in gut, short generation time, usually need high host densities to persist (eg fungi, virus, bacteria)

Macroparasites
found on cavities, on surface on body, may use more than 1 host, long generation time
(eg parasitic worms, lice,fleas, ticks)
-endoparasites (inside)
-ectoparasites (outside)

Question 4

Vertical transmission

Answer 4

infection passed from parents to offspring

-herpes simplex 2

Question 5

horizontal transmission

Answer 5

all other mechanisms of transmission

• direct: host to host
• indirect: usually a third party involved (vector)

Question 6

Vector

Answer 6

organism that carries the parasite between host

Question 7

Parasites can impact host on 3 levels

Answer 7

1. Individual: reproduction, mortality
2. Population
   - cause mass mortalities
   - depress growth rates and population size
   - can drive population cycles
3. Communities
   - by influencing competition

Question 8

Disturbance

Answer 8

is abrupt change in the ecosystem, community, or population structure and resource availability, substrate availability, or the physical environment.

Question 9

Succession

Answer 9

directional change in community composition or structure over time following a disturbance

Question 10

Primary succession

Answer 10

after catastrophic disturbance, in newly formed habitats (no plants or organic soil)

Question 11

secondary succession

Answer 11

after disturbance that remove plants (some/all) but soil and nutrients remain (moves away from climax)

Question 12

Pioneer species

Answer 12

able to survive as first colonists

-often facilitate colonization by additional species

Question 13

climax community

Answer 13

final group of species the end point of succession

-often inhibit colonization by additional species

Question 14

Endemic species

Answer 14

are those found only in a single area

Question 15

Species-Area Curve

Answer 15

• bigger islands have more species than small islands

- species richness increases with island area

Question 16

Define S=c*A^z

Answer 16

c= constant of species/area
z= slope
z= 0.32 (~0.3 most islands)

Question 17

What is z for species area curves on continental areas?

Answer 17

z= 0.17 (~0.15-0.24 for land areas)

Question 18

Island biogeography

Answer 18

• dynamic equilibrium theory that explains species richness of islands
• island richness determined by colonization and extinction rate
• richness increase with size (more habitat, less extinction)
• richness decreases with isolation (less likely to be colonized)

Question 19

Metapopulation

Answer 19

• collection of subpopulation of 1 species

- proportion of sites occupied determined by colonization and extinction rates at each site

Question 20

Rescue Effect

Answer 20

Unoccupied patches or disappearing subpopulations can be rescued by immigration from other patches

-unoccupied patches are necessary for metapopulation to persist

Question 21

Source-Sink Metapopulation

Answer 21

• Sources r>0
• Sink r<0
• difference in patch quality
• sinks persist b/c they are resupplied with individuals from sources

Question 22

Ecosystem

Answer 22

all of the interacting parts of the biological and physical worlds

Question 23

Ecosystem ecology

Answer 23

The study of natural systems from the standpoint of the flow of energy and cycling matter

Question 24

Energy conservation

Answer 24

energy can be neither created or destroyed (can be transformed)

-energy can be transformed via photosynthesis

Question 25

mass conservation

Answer 25

mass can neither be created or destroyed (can be recycled)

Question 26

Mass balance approach

Answer 26

Input= Outputs + Storage

Question 27

Gross PPR

Answer 27

rate at which energy is captured and assimilated in an area

Question 28

Net PPR

Answer 28

rate at which energy is assimilated and converted into producer biomass in an area

Question 29

Ecological efficiency

Answer 29

% of net production moving from one trophic level to the next -energy per unit area/ unit time (g/m2/yr)

Question 30

Assimiliation efficiency

Answer 30

how much energy % is assimilated compared to the amount ingested

Question 31

Production efficiencies

Answer 31

the % of energy ingested that is used for growth (GPE gross production efficiency)

Question 32

Autochthonous

Answer 32

self production of energy (big rivers) -lots of primary production

Question 33

allochthonous

Answer 33

other energy production get it from outside sources -(small streams) -low primary production

Question 34

Redox reaction

Answer 34

photosynthesis reduces C to store energy -respiration oxidizes C (kreb cycle) to power cells

Question 35

Habitat Heterogeneity

Answer 35

larger islands have more species on them because they have more different habitat types on them --> more niche spaces to occupy

Question 36

Productivity

Answer 36

is the rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem | -measure of amount of energy available

Question 37

Spatial subsides

Answer 37

resources that pass from one ecosystem to another increasing productivity of the recipient ecosystem - can be active/ passive - organisms, material, energy

Question 38

Mycorrhizae

Answer 38

are symbiotic relationships that form between fungi and plants. The fungi colonize the root system of a host plant, providing increased water and nutrient absorption capabilities while the plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates formed from photosynthesis.

Question 39

N2 fixing

Answer 39

is a process by which molecular nitrogen in the air is converted into ammonia (NH 3) or related nitrogenous compounds in soil. -cyanobacteria can do this

Question 40

Eutrophication

Answer 40

excessive nutrients inputs in aquatic ecosystem --> algal blooms --> bacteria digest dead algae, depleting water of oxygen --> die offs of fish and seagrass

Question 41

Major drivers of biodiversity loss

Answer 41

1. exploitation 2. invasive/exotic species 3. land modification 4. appropriation of freshwaters 5. nutrient polluation (eutrophication) 6. contaminant pollution 7. stratospheric ozone depletion 8. climate warming/change

Question 42

Native species

Answer 42

- live in place of origin | - endemic or indigenous

Question 43

Introduced species

Answer 43

- non-native, alien, exotic | - required human intervention to persist (cows)

Question 44

invasive species

Answer 44

- introduced or other | - pervasive in new environment

Question 45

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

Answer 45

-species diversity is highest at intermediate levels of disturbance