FINAL

Question 1

Social Anxiety Disorder

Answer 1

An intense worry or fear of being scrutinized or being embarrassed/ humiliated in the presence of others (worry about what people think about you becomes clinically significant); AVOIDANCE; Involves hypersensitivity to social cues, as well as significant attempts to avoid drawing attention to oneself, or social avoidance all together (related to Looks or Behaviors)

Question 2

SUBTYPES of Social Anxiety Disorder

Answer 2

Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder and Performance Social Anxiety Disorder

Question 3

Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder

Answer 3

Social anxiety occurs in every situation with anyone

Question 4

Performance Social Anxiety Disorder

Answer 4

Specific situations trigger social acuity (Bathroom in public, Meeting new people, Public speaking, Eating around others)

Question 5

Specific Phobias

Answer 5

Extreme and irrational fear of a specific object or situation that produces significant distress or panic (A fear is not the same thing as a phobia!); Person goes to great lengths to avoid the object or situation, or endures it with extreme distress (effects everyday life); Most can recognize that the fear and avoidance are unreasonable, but “can’t help it”; Must markedly interfere with one’s ability to function

Question 6

SUBTYPES of Specific Phobias

Answer 6

Animal, Natural/Environmental, Blood-injection-injury, Situational, “Other”

Question 7

Animal SP Subtype

Answer 7

All types, including insects (Most common: Snakes, Bats, Bees)

Question 8

Natural/Environmental SP Subtype

Answer 8

Things found in “nature”/ outdoors (e.g., heights, storms, water)

Question 9

Blood-injection-injury SP Subtype:

Answer 9

Covers most medical situations (Doctor/Dentist/ Equipment); unusual vasovagal response involved (Fainting, sudden heart rate and blood pressure drop)

Question 10

Situational SP Subtype:

Answer 10

Certain occurrences only, might not be situations that happen often but when it does you’re screwed! (Planes, the dark, enclosed spaces, bridges)

Question 11

“Other” SP Subtype

Answer 11

Anything not reflected above (Costumes, Clowns)

Question 12

Agoraphobia

Answer 12

Involves fear and avoidance of situations where escaping or getting help easily is unlikely in the event that something incapacitating or embarrassing happens (Open or public places)

• Most commonly, with Agoraphobia the person fears having a panic attack in these situations and thus avoids them markedly; DSM provides a list of possible “situations” and at least 2 of those are required (Many due to past occurrences)
• Some with agoraphobia may even become “housebound” (Avoid public transportation, restaurants, etc.)

Question 13

Panic Disorder

Answer 13

Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks (frightening attacks of fear and bodily symptoms); Also apprehension about future panic attacks, or significant changes in behavior to avoid attacks (Must be present for a month or longer) Many avoid situations to avoid attacks and working out bc it feels like an attack

Question 14

Generalized Anxiety Disorder:

Answer 14

Excessive and uncontrollable apprehension and worry about virtually everything; The anxiety is present on the majority of days for at least 6 months; Also accompanied by certain physical symptoms (e.g., restlessness or muscle tension); Most frequently diagnosed anxiety disorder (Disruptive to everyday life)

Question 15

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Answer 15

Vicious cycle of Obsessions (Intrusive, frequent/intense, cognitions: thoughts, images, or urges that won’t go away) and Compulsions (Behaviors to reduce the anxiety brought on by obsessions)

• OCD Thoughts: “Need to do this”; Thoughts of hurting someone
• OCD Behaviors: Repetitive or Ritualistic Behaviors; Doubting Actions (opening/closing doors)

Question 16

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Answer 16

A preoccupation with perceived physical defects in a normal-appearing person, or Excessive (unwarranted) distress over an actual slight bodily defect; “Perceived ugliness”
The “compulsive” part of Body Dysmorphic Disorder involves the associated repetitive behaviors (e.g., mirror-checking, over-use of make-up)

Question 17

Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder) and Excoriation (Skin-Picking Disorder)

Answer 17

Vicious cycles that involve constant obsessions about the behavior in question, as well as the compulsive act

Question 18

Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder)

Answer 18

Hair loss is visible and significant

Question 19

Excoriation (Skin-Picking Disorder)

Answer 19

The picking results in visible lesions/scabs/scars (and infection can be a risk)

Question 20

Hoarding Disorder

Answer 20

Persistent difficulty in parting with possessions, regardless of value, such that living areas are substantially cluttered and dysfunctional as a result; Typically see obsessions over the “need” for items and a compulsion to acquire more and more; Can be quite serious to the point that the person has no insight re: the dirtiness or danger of living that way

Question 21

Acute Stress Disorder and PTSD

Answer 21

Both require either witnessing or experiencing a significant stressor/trauma; What “counts” as a trauma = tough question; Require 4 categories of “aftermath” symptoms: Persistent intrusion (or “re-experiencing”) symptoms such as memories, nightmares, or flashbacks; Significant avoidance of trauma-related triggers; Problems with cognition and mood; Changes in reactivity/physiological arousal

Question 22

Acute Stress Disorder

Answer 22

Involves less extensive trauma, requires less symptoms, and symptoms are less severe; Diagnosed when the symptoms persist for at least 3 days, but less than a month

Question 23

PTSD

Answer 23

Involves worse trauma, requires more symptoms, and symptoms are more severe; Diagnosed when symptoms last at least a month

Question 24

Adjustment Disorder

Answer 24

Occurs when someone has difficulty coping with or adjusting to a specific life stressor, the reactions to the stressor are disproportionate to the severity or intensity of the event or situation; Criteria: 1. Exposure to an identifiable stressor that results in the onset of significant emotional or behavioral symptoms (mood or behavioral changes, symptoms of anxiety or depression) that occur within 3 months of the event, 2. Emotional distress and behavioral symptoms that are out of proportion to the severity of the stressor and result in significant impairment in social, academic, or work-related functioning, or other life activities, 3. Symptoms last no longer than 6 months after the stressor or consequences of the stressor have ended.

Question 25

Somatic Symptom Disorder

Answer 25

Medical symptom(s) with unusual frequency or intensity for at least 6 months (often years); The response to the symptoms is excessive, such that it often becomes that person’s “identity”

Question 26

SUBTYPES of Somatic Symptom Disorder

Answer 26

“Predominantly somatic type” and “with pain features”:

Question 27

“Predominantly somatic type” of Somatic Symptom Disorder

Answer 27

Involves a variety of complaints affecting different body systems

Question 28

“With pain features” subtype of Somatic Symptom Disorder

Answer 28

A condition involving excessive anxiety or persistent concerns over pain that appears to have no physical basis

Question 29

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Answer 29

Severe anxiety about the possibility of having a serious disease (despite evidence to the contrary); The worry is not so much about the symptoms themselves but the implications of the symptoms (e.g., “it’s very serious,” or “I’m going to die from this.”); Cognitive distortions are very common, and medical reassurance does not always help

Question 30

Conversion Disorder

Answer 30

A neurological malfunction that lacks a specific medical cause; Freud said these people “convert” unconscious anxiety into a physical symptom; Today, we have evidence that symptoms can be intermittent and usually precipitated by marked stress; Important to distinguish from “malingering”

Question 31

Factitious Disorder (or FD imposed onto another)

Answer 31

Symptoms of illness (mental or physical) are deliberately induced or simulated with the goal of eliciting attention; Can be imposed onto another (e.g., a child); Like conversion disorder, this is also not malingering (Lying/Addicted to being cared for medically); Individuals are often UNAWARE of the motivation for their behavior (in other words, they do it for attention, but don’t realize that’s what’s going on), and Often simulate the illness in a compulsive manner

Question 32

Dissociative Amnesia

Answer 32

Involve severe alterations to or detachments from reality; Affect identity, memory, or consciousness most strongly; Sudden, partial, or total loss of personal info and memory (Not due to physical injury, but rather a psychological stressor or trauma)

Question 33

Localized (SUBTYPES of Dissociative Amnesia)

Answer 33

May be selective to certain details

Question 34

Generalized (SUBTYPES of Dissociative Amnesia)

Answer 34

Everything

Question 35

Fugue (SUBTYPES of Dissociative Amnesia)

Answer 35

The amnesia is accompanied by some form of travel

Question 36

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

Answer 36

Severe and frightening episodes of feeling “unreal” or “detached” from oneself; Also includes experiences of derealization (a change in perception); Can be fairly intense and anxiety-provoking

Question 37

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Answer 37

Formerly known as “multiple personality disorder;" Defining feature is disruption (fragmentation) of identity (And may include experiences of possession); Number of identities varies a lot (avg is about 12); Identities may display unique behaviors, voice, posture, even physiological reactions (And may be aware of one another, but not always)

Question 38

Major Depressive Disorder

Answer 38

At least 5 of 9 depression symptoms have occurred over the same 2-week period, causes impairment, and the individual has never had a manic or hypomanic episode; Chronicity is greater in dysthymia than MDD, Severity is greater in MDD than dysthymia; Possibly “with seasonal pattern” (Most likely winter)

Question 39

Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder

Answer 39

depressed mood, feelings of sadness, or emptiness, loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities, significant weight gain or weight loss (without dieting) or increases or decreases in appetite, persistent changes in sleep patterns, involving increased sleep or inability to sleep, observable restlessness or slowing of activity, persistent fatigue or loss of energy, excessive feelings of guilt or worthlessness, persistent difficulty with concentration or decision making; suicidal behaviors or recurrent thoughts of death or suicid

Question 40

Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder

Answer 40

depressed mood, feelings of sadness, or emptiness, loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities, significant weight gain or weight loss (without dieting) or increases or decreases in appetite, persistent changes in sleep patterns, involving increased sleep or inability to sleep, observable restlessness or slowing of activity, persistent fatigue or loss of energy, excessive feelings of guilt or worthlessness, persistent difficulty with concentration or decision making; suicidal behaviors or recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Question 41

Dysthymic Disorder

Answer 41

Symptoms are generally milder but more chronic than major depression; Persists for at least 2 years, with symptoms present most of the day, for more days than not; For some, symptoms can persist unchanged over long periods (≥ 20 years, becomes part of personality) (response to treatment is typically poor in these cases); Chronicity is greater in dysthymia than MDD, Severity is greater in MDD than dysthymia

Question 42

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Answer 42

Severe depression, mood swings, anxiety, tension, or irritability occurring before the onset of menses; Improvement of symptoms within a few days of menstruation and minimal or no symptoms following menstruation; (PMDD produces much greater distress than premenstrual syndrome and interferes with social, interpersonal, academic, or occupational functioning); Diagnosis requires the presence of five premenstrual symptoms, at least one must involve significantly depressed mood, mood swings, anger, anxiety, tension, irritability, or increased interpersonal conflict.

Question 43

Other symptoms of PMDD

Answer 43

include difficulty concentrating; social withdrawal, lack of energy, food cravings or overeating, insomnia or excessive sleepiness, feeling overwhelmed, or physical symptoms such as bloating, weight gain, or breast tenderness

Question 44

Bipolar I Disorder

Answer 44

At least one manic episode has occurred; Depressive episodes are likely to have occurred as well (but not required for diagnosis); Some experience “rapid cycling” of mood episodes (at least 4 episodes – of either type – in one year); Depression does not have to have occurred

Question 45

Bipolar II Disorder

Answer 45

Alternation between full depressive and hypomanic episodes; The depression tends to be more severe and pronounced in Bipolar II (but that’s not required and not true of all patients)

Question 46

Cyclothymic Disorder:

Answer 46

The “bipolar version” of dysthymia (Somewhat like a combination of dysthymia and hypomania); Individual cycles between periods of depression and mood elevation that are not severe enough to be major depressive episodes or manic episodes; Must last for at least 2 years; Some will progress to Bipolar I or II

Question 47

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 47

Extreme weight loss and thinness, seriously under “expected” body weight (Women may show amenorrhea as a sign of this, Many lack insight into how serious the problem is); Fueled by intense fear of obesity or fear of losing control over eating; Body image disturbance underlies this relentless pursuit of thinness, which often begins with “normal” dieting

Question 48

SUBTYPES of Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 48

Consider last 3 months- If person has binged/purged in that time, it’s that subtype. If not, it’s restricting

Question 49

Restricting subtype

Answer 49

Drastically limit caloric intake via dieting and fasting (Not eating as much as normally would or should

Question 50

Binge-eating/purging subtype

Answer 50

Involves binging on food and then purging it

Question 51

3 main distinctions of Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 51

1) Severally low body weight, 2) Denial of problem, 3) Significant amount of fear

Question 52

Bulimia Nervosa:

Answer 52

Binge eating is the “hallmark” of bulimia and involves consuming excessive amounts of food in one sitting; Must happen at least once a week for three months; During a binge, eating is perceived as uncontrollable and may continue until there is physical pain (due to fullness) and/or high levels of guilt/shame; In bulimia nervosa binge eating is required, unlike in anorexia; Far exceed what a typical person would eat Bulimia Nervosa also includes compensatory behaviors such as purging (eliminating food) through self-induced vomiting, diuretics, or laxatives Differs from B/P subtype of AN because exercising excessively is also common and could even include fasting between binges

Question 53

Differentiating between Anorexia and Bulimia

Answer 53

- Body Weight: AN: Must be underweight; BN: Does not have associated weight criteria - Level of fear: AN: Level of fear is present and clinically significant; BN: Does not have a phobic like obsession with it - What binging/ purging looks like: AN: B/P tends to be more planned and controlled than in bulimia

Question 54

Binge Eating Disorder

Answer 54

Involves periods of binge eating that are much like those seen in bulimia (excessive eating, loss of control, shame, guilt etc.); Again, at least once a week for 3 months; However, compensatory behavior is not observed; Females more likely to have this disorder (3.5% versus 2% of men); Medical consequences are also common, but are somewhat different and related to excess weight (Does not have to be obese or overweight)

Question 55

________ Use Disorder (Consider alcohol and other substances in text. “Substance use disorder” would not be an accurate answer.)

Answer 55

Symptoms need to co-occur within a period of 12 months; But only two symptoms need to co-occur within that period; Labeled as mild, moderate, or severe…depending on number of criteria met

Question 56

Symptoms of SUD

Answer 56

1) Quantity used or the amount of time spent using is often greater than intended; 2) Efforts to control the use are unsuccessful due to a persistent desire for the substance; 3) Considerable time is spent using, recovering from effects, or attempting to obtain; 4) A strong desire, craving, or urge to use is present; 5) Use interferes with major role obligations at work, school, or home; 6) Use continues despite harmful social or interpersonal effects caused or made worse by use; 7) Participation in social, work, or leisure activities is avoided/reduced due to use; 8) Use occurs in situations where it may be physically hazardous; 9) Continued use occurs even when it is causing physical or psychological problems or making these problems worse; 10) Tolerance develops, including a need for increasing quantities to achieve intoxication or desired effects or a noticeable decrease in effects when using the same amount; 11) After heavy or sustained use, reduction in/abstinence from it results in withdrawal symptoms or precipitates resumption of use or similar substances to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.

Question 57

Depressants (Categories of Substances)

Answer 57

Alcohol, Opiates (heroin, morphine, codeine, hydro/oxycodone), Anxiolytics/Sedatives (benzos (Xanax, Valium); sleeping pills (Ambien))

Question 58

Stimulants (Categories of Substances)

Answer 58

Caffeine, Amphetamines (methamphetamine; Rx drugs like Adderall, Ritalin, Vyvanse, Dexedrine), Cocaine

Question 59

Hallucinogens (Categories of Substances)

Answer 59

LSD (acid), Psilocybin (mushrooms), Mescaline, Salvia

Question 60

Dissociative Anesthetics (Categories of Substances)

Answer 60

PCP (phencyclidine), Ketamine, Methoxetamine (MXE), Dextromethorphan (DXM)

Question 61

Substances with mixed properties (Categories of Substances)

Answer 61

Nicotine, Marijuana, Inhalants, and Ecstasy

Question 62

Gambling Disorder

Answer 62

Very much resembles the substance use disorder criteria, but applies to gambling behavior

Question 63

Schizophrenia

Answer 63

To be diagnosed two or more of the following symptoms must be present for at least one month a) hallucinations, b) delusions, c) catatonia, d) disorganized speech, or e) negative symptoms (and one must be a, b, or c); Major impairment in functioning since the onset of the symptoms (i.e., obvious “decompensation” over time); Ongoing disturbance for at least 6 months total (with at least one continuous month of features seen in #1)

Question 64

Positive Symptoms (Schizophrenia)

Answer 64

Delusions and Hallucinations

Question 65

Cognitive Symptoms (Schizophrenia)

Answer 65

Problems with thinking, speech, and communication (Disorganized Speech); Often see problems with attention and memory as well

Question 66

Disorganized or Abnormal Motor Behavior (Schizophrenia)

Answer 66

Catatonia

Question 67

Negative Symptoms (Schizophrenia)

Answer 67

Absence or insufficiency of normal behavior

Question 68

Brief Psychotic Disorder and Schizophreniform Disorder:

Answer 68

Time-limited expressions of SZ symptoms

Question 69

Brief Psychotic Disorder

Answer 69

1 month, Likely to only involve positive symptoms

Question 70

Schizophreniform

Answer 70

Typical symptoms of SZ, but between 1 – 6 months, obvious impairment

Question 71

Delusional Disorder

Answer 71

Delusions in the absence of other psychotic symptoms; 6 subtypes: 5 specific themes + “mixed”

Question 72

SUBTYPES of Delusional Disorder

Answer 72

Grandiose, Persecutory, Erotomanic, Jealous, Somatic, and "Mixed"

Question 73

Grandiose (SUBTYPES of Delusional Disorder)

Answer 73

"I am Rich/Famous"

Question 74

Persecutory (SUBTYPES of Delusional Disorder)

Answer 74

"Someone is out to get me"

Question 75

Erotomanic (SUBTYPES of Delusional Disorder)

Answer 75

"Love is mutual but secret"

Question 76

Jealous (SUBTYPES of Delusional Disorder)

Answer 76

"He is cheating on me"

Question 77

Somatic (SUBTYPES of Delusional Disorder)

Answer 77

Internal body functioning, think something is bizarre "I have gas in my veins instead of blood"

Question 78

"Mixed" (SUBTYPES of Delusional Disorder)

Answer 78

MULTIPLE

Question 79

Schizoaffective Disorder

Answer 79

SZ Symptoms and Depressive/Manic Symptoms (Hard to differentiate from bipolar)

Question 80

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

Answer 80

Sexual dysfunction in men that is characterized by a lack of sexual desire

Question 81

Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder

Answer 81

Distressing disinterest in sexual activities or inability to attain or maintain physiological or psychological arousal during sexual activity

Question 82

Male Erectile Disorder

Answer 82

Inability to attain or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual activity

Question 83

Female Orgasmic Disorder

Answer 83

Sexual dysfunction involving persistent delay or inability to achieve an orgasm with adequate clitoral stimulation

Question 84

Early Ejaculation

Answer 84

Ejaculation prior to or within 1 minute after vaginal penetration

Question 85

Delayed Ejaculation

Answer 85

Persistent delay or absence of ejaculation nearly all the time during partnered sex activity

Question 86

Genito-pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder

Answer 86

Difficulty with vaginal penetration, fear of pain, tightening of pelvic muscles

Question 87

Gender Dysphoria

Answer 87

Involves feeling “trapped” in the body of the wrong gender; Strong dissatisfaction/ disgust with one’s sexual anatomy, gender non-conformity, and overwhelming desire to be “more like” the opposite gender; Gender non-conformity in childhood often coincides (experience does not mean Disorder, only those that have clinically significant distress over it)

Question 88

Fetishistic Disorder

Answer 88

Sexual attraction to non living objects (or specific body parts) that is impairing in some way; Can include any object or body part; Rarely seen in women

Question 89

Transvestic Disorder

Answer 89

Does not just refer to cross-dressing behavior, Instead is a specific fetish, in which the target of arousal is clothing of the opposite gender (usually a man/women’s clothing) CAN ONLY BE DIAGNOSED IN MEN

Question 90

Exhibitionistic Disorder

Answer 90

Strong urges and recurrent acts of exposure of genitals to unsuspecting strangers

Question 91

Voyeuristic Disorder

Answer 91

Observing an unsuspecting individual undressing, naked, or engaging in sexual behavior

Question 92

Frotteuristic Disorder

Answer 92

Rubbing against or sexually touching a non-consenting person

Question 93

Pedophilic Disorder

Answer 93

Pedophiles exhibit sexual attraction to young children or adolescents (usually < age 13); Must have acted on the urges (or be clinically distressed by them) to be diagnosed; Must be at least 16 and 5 years older than the target; Specifiers: exclusive vs. non-exclusive, sexual attraction pattern, and whether limited to incest; Young females are more often targets than males; The disorder is rarer, but not unheard of, in females

Question 94

Sexual Sadism Disorder

Answer 94

Inflicting pain or humiliation to attain sexual gratification

Question 95

Sexual Masochism Disorder

Answer 95

Suffer pain or humiliation to attain sexual gratification

Question 96

Personality Disorder

Answer 96

Characterized by enduring personality patterns (involving behavior, thoughts, emotions, and interpersonal functioning) that are (a) extreme and deviate markedly from cultural expectations, (b) inflexible and pervasive across situations, (c) evident in adolescence or early adulthood and stable over time, and (d) associated with distress and impairment (APA, 2013). Although there are often telltale signs of personality psychopathology in childhood, clinicians do not usually consider a personality disorder diagnosis until late adolescence or adulthood when personality development is more complete.