Final

Question 1

Techniques for preventing deviant behaviour (3)

Answer 1

Informal Social Control: casual (shaming, ridiculing)

Formal Social Control: carried out by authorized agents (cops)

Government Social Control: laws

Question 2

Deviance

Answer 2

Behaviour that violates expectations of group/society

May not be formalized in law - criminal and non criminal behaviour

Question 3

Crime

Answer 3

A violation of norms that are written into law

Question 4

Two approaches to studying Deviance

Answer 4

Deviance as norm violation

Deviance as social definition

Question 5

Deviance as Norm Violation

Answer 5

Study of behaviour that violates social rules and the individuals that violate them.

Norm violation rates/Individual norm violations. (Stats)

Question 6

Deviance as social definition

Answer 6

Study of development of social norms and labels for deviant behaviour
The situational nature of deviant definitions is the focus.
Concerned with how a behaviour or an individual comes to be defined as deviant. (Drug use deviant or disease?)

Question 7

Consensus Model of Law (Functionalist)

Answer 7

People identify behaviour they find unacceptable

They agree to make them illegal.

There is a general consensus in society about crime and law.

Question 8

Conflict Model of Law

Answer 8

The powerful groups in society make laws

These laws protect their interest.

These laws also control the less powerful groups.

Question 9

How is crime measured?

Answer 9

1) Official statistics (Canada - Uniform Crime Reports)
(Loss of information is called attrition)

2) Victimization surveys
3) Self-report surveys

Question 10

Theories of Deviance

1) Strain Theory

Answer 10

People are taught to strive for and achieve socially approved goals and use the socially approved means to achieve them.

Conformity - accept socially approved goals and means
Innovation - accept socially approved goals; reject socially approved means

Question 11

Conformity

Innovation

Answer 11

Strain Theory
Conformity - accept socially approved goals and means

Innovation - accept socially approved goals; reflect socially approved means.

Question 12

Theories of Deviance

2) Labeling Theory

Answer 12

Primary Deviance
Labeling
Secondary Deviance
Deviant Master Status and Labeling

Question 13

(Labeling Theory)

Primary Deviance

Answer 13

Does not affect an individual’s psychological structure or the performance of social roles.

Does not guarantee that a person will engage in secondary deviance.
(This is caused by labeling)

Question 14

(Labeling Theory)

Secondary Deviance

Answer 14

Response to the problems caused by societal reaction (label) to primary deviance. Affects psychological structure and performance of social roles.

Question 15

Labeling

Answer 15

Primary Deviance + Label can lead to Secondary Deviance

Question 16

Labeling Theory

Deviant Master Status and Labeling

Answer 16

A label has social effects

A stigmatized master status becomes primary (ex: addict, sex worker)

Don’t see other statuses (mother, daughter, etc.)

Question 17

Theories of Deviance

3) Differential Association Theory

Answer 17

Deviance is learned, just like any other behaviour

Differential association: exposure to attitudes favorable to deviance leads to rule violation.

Accepting positive definitions of deviance

Question 18

(Differential Association Theory)

Accepting positive definitions of deviance depend on…

Answer 18

Priority: how early

Duration: how long

Intensity: how attached to the people

Question 19

Theories of Deviance

4) Social Control Theory

Answer 19

Asks why don’t people commit crimes. A: Social bonds.

Social bond has 4 elements: belief, commitment, attachment, involvement.

Question 20

(Social Control Theory)

Social Bond

Answer 20

4 elements:

Belief - internalized norms
Commitment - what do you have to lose
Attachment - caring about what others think
Involvement - participation in non-deviant activities (too busy)

Question 21

Theories of Deviance

5)Critical Criminology (Conflict Theory)

Answer 21

Corporate crime: crimes committed for the corporation

• Critical criminologists point out that 4 to 5 times more deaths occur due to corporate crimes than due to street crimes
• The Pinto (a North American car that blew up when hit from behind)

Question 22

Theories of Deviance

6) Deterrence Theory

Answer 22

Asks whether punishment keeps people from being deviant.

2 types of deterrence: specific and general

3 dimensions of punishment: severity, certainty, celerity

Question 23

Deterrence Theory

2 types of deterrence
3 dimensions of punishment

Answer 23

Types: specific (put someone in jail); general (public execution)

Dimensions: severity (harshness) - capital punishment
certainty (likelihood) - THIS WORKS
celerity (swiftness) - not enough research

Question 24

Deterrence: Theory vs. Research

Answer 24

Deterrence theory argues that if you increase all dimensions of punishment, you will decrease the amount of crime.

Research shows that this is true only for certainty.