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Flashcards in final Deck (90)
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1
Q

sex

A

the observable physical difference between male and female, especially biological differences related to human reproduction.

2
Q

gender

A

the expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes.

3
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

the phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species.

4
Q

gender studies

A

research into masculinity and femininity as flexible, complex, and historically and culturally constructed categories.

5
Q

cultural construction of gender

A

the ways humans learn to behave as a man or woman and to recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within their cultural context.

6
Q

masculinity

A

the ideas and practices associated with manhood.

7
Q

femininity

A

the ideas and practices associated with womanhood.

8
Q

gender performance

A

the way gender identity is expressed through action.

9
Q

judith butler

A

gender is essentially a performative repetition of acts associated with male or female.

10
Q

hijras

A

religious followers of the hindu mother goddess, bahuchara mata, that are usually born male or intersex and go through ritual surgery to remove the penis and testicles.

11
Q

two-spirits

A

men and women who have adopted both roles and behaviors of the opposite gender. considered to have both masculine and feminine spirits and supernatural powers.

12
Q

sexism in biology

A

the multiple sexes, besides male and female, are overtly sexualized or discriminated against. people who are born intersex face discrimination because of chromosomal biology. people who are intersex will face discrimination in workforce’s and cultural communities, be physically mutilated at young ages to fit heterosexual societal normativity.

13
Q

essentialist vs. constructivist argument

A

essentialist view that sexuality does not change and is biologically fixed.

constructivist view that sexuality is a cultural construction and social convention.

14
Q

non binary

A

someone who’s gender identity is not exclusively male or female.

15
Q

gender stratification

A

an unequal distribution of power in which gender shapes who has access to a group’s resources, opportunities, and privileges.

16
Q

gender stereotypes

A

widely held and powerful, preconceived notions about the attributes of, differences between, and proper roles for women and men in a culture.

17
Q

gender ideology

A

a set of cultural ideas about men’s and women’s essential character, capabilities, and value that consciously or unconsciously promote and justify gender stratification. (usually stereotypical)

18
Q

emily martin

A

fairytale of the egg and sperm. wrote an essay about how the egg and sperm are give passive (egg) and aggressive (sperm) characteristics but are indeed both equal and active partners in an egalitarian relationship.

19
Q

reproduction (emily martin)

A

in biology books the egg is referred to as passive and awaiting the aggressive sperm to penetrate the egg wall for fertilization. in emily martin’s citing, the sperm actually has a weak tail that mainly functions to ensure that the sperm doesn’t get stuck to anything except the egg and the egg actually moves it’s nucleus to meet the sperm and the two are connected by adhesive molecules that create a chemical bond.

20
Q

gender violence

A

forms of violence shaped by the gender identities of the people involved.

21
Q

structural gender violence

A

gendered societal patterns of unequal access to wealth, power, and basic resources such as food, shelter, and health care that differentials affect women in particular.

22
Q

globalization

A

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operations on an international scale.

23
Q

margaret mead’s “three primitive societies”

A

temperament is the way you tend to behave or the types of emotions you tend to exhibit. (sexually: sensitivity and emotions towards sex)

  • arapesh: both men and women were peaceful in temperament and neither men nor women made war. (pacifists with occasional warfare)
  • mundugumor: both men and women were warlike in temperament.
  • tchambuli: women were the practical ones and worked while men primped and decorated themselves. (female dominance and sexual aggression and male social & sexual passivity)
24
Q

kathoeys

A

a male to female transgender or person of a third gender who are immersed in beauty and stage performance.

25
Q

toms and dees

A

Toms: afab masculine women with feminine female partners. (from “tomboy”)

dees: gender-normative feminine female partners to the Toms. (from “lady”)

26
Q

mahū

A

a gender role in traditional hawaiian society that refers to people who exhibit both feminine and masculine traits.

27
Q

kumu hina

A

a movie that follows the life of a mahu teacher who teaches traditional hula in hawaii.

28
Q

travestí

A

a gender in brazil and cuba that is defined through sexual activity. usually born as male but operate in society as female.

29
Q

sworn virgins of the balkans

A

women who take a vow of chastity and wear male clothing in order to live as men in patriarchal northern albanian society.

30
Q

muxes of mexico

A

a person who is assigned male at birth but who dresses and behaves in ways otherwise associated with women. (seen as a third gender)

31
Q

kinship

A

the system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities.

32
Q

nuclear family

A

the kinship unit of mother, family, and children.

33
Q

descent group

A

a kinship group in which primary relationships are traced through certain consanguineous (“blood”) relatives.

34
Q

lineage

A

a type of descent group that traces genealogical connection through generations by linking persons to a founding ancestor.

35
Q

clan

A

a type of descent group based on a claim to a founding ancestor but lacking genealogical documentation.

36
Q

affinal relationship

A

a kinship relationship established through marriage and/or alliance, not through biology or common descent.

37
Q

marriage

A

a socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy as well as legal rights to property and inheritance.

38
Q

arranged marriage

A

marriage orchestrated by the families of the involved parties.

39
Q

companionate marriage

A

marriage built in love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation.

40
Q

polygyny

A

marriage between one man and two or more women.

41
Q

polyandry

A

marriage between one woman and two or more men.

42
Q

monogamy

A

a relationship between only two partners.

43
Q

incest taboo

A

cultural rules that forbid sexual relations with certain close relatives.

44
Q

exogamy

A

marriage to someone outside the kinship group.

45
Q

endogamy

A

marriage to someone within the kinship group.

46
Q

bridewealth

A

the gift of goods or money from the groom’s family to the bride’s family as part of the marriage process.

47
Q

dowry

A

the gift of goods or money from the bride’s family to the groom’s family as part of the marriage process.

48
Q

sherry ortner

A

gender inequality is a result of distinctions between “nature” and “culture”. (natural vs. cultural roles)

49
Q

michelle rosaldo

A

gender inequality results from distinctions between “public” and “domestic” spheres. (sexual division of labor)

50
Q

eleanor burke leacock

A

gender inequality is the result of capitalist social relations. (get rid of capitalism, get rid of inequality)(marxist-feminist)

51
Q

family of orientation

A

the family group in which one is born, grows up, and develops life skills.

52
Q

family of procreation

A

the family group created when one reproduces and within which one tears children.

53
Q

religion

A

a set of beliefs and rituals based on a unique vision of how the world ought to be, often focused on a supernatural power and lived out in community.

54
Q

fraternal polyandry

A

marriage between one woman and two or more men who are brothers. (one uterus that limits the amount of kids born and maintains the land in a family)

55
Q

martyr

A

a person who sacrifices his or her life for the sake of his or her religion.

56
Q

saint

A

an individual considered exceptionally close to god and who is then exalted after death.

57
Q

sacred

A

anything that is considered holy.

58
Q

profane

A

anything that is considered unholy.

59
Q

ritual

A

an act or series of acts regularly repeated over years or generations that embody the beliefs of a group of people and create a sense of continuity and belonging.

60
Q

rite of passage

A

a category of ritual that enacts a change of status from one life stage to another, either for an individual or for a group.

61
Q

liminality

A

one stage in a rite of passage during which a ritual participant experiences a period of outsiderhood, set apart from normal society, that is key to achieving a new perspective on the past, future, and current community.

62
Q

communitas

A

a sense of camaderie, a common vision of what constitutes a good life, and a commitment to take social action to move toward achieving this vision that is shaped by the common experience of rites of passage.

63
Q

pilgrimage

A

a religious journey to a sacred place as a sign of devotion and in search of transformation and enlightenment.

64
Q

cultural materialism

A

a theory that argues that material conditions, including technology, determine patterns of social organization, including religious principles.

65
Q

shamans

A

part-time religious practitioners with special abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings.

66
Q

magic

A

the use of spells, incantations, words, and actions in an attempt to compel supernatural forces to act in certain ways, whether for good or for evil.

67
Q

imitative magic

A

a ritual performance that achieves efficacy by imitations the desired magical result.

68
Q

contagious magic

A

ritual words or performances that achieve efficacy as certain materials that come into contact with one person carry a magical connection that allows power to be transferred from person to person.

69
Q

symbol

A

anything that represents something else.

70
Q

authorizing process

A

the complex historical and social developments through which symbols are given power and meaning.

71
Q

matrilineal

A

constructing the group through female ancestors.

72
Q

patrilineal

A

tracing kinship through male ancestors.

73
Q

unilineal

A

building kinship groups through either one line or the other.

74
Q

ambilineal/ bilateral

A

trace kinship through both the mother and the father.

75
Q

consanguineal kin

A

an individual related by common descent from the same individual; a blood relative.

76
Q

affinal kin

A

individuals who are related to you by marriage.

77
Q

fictive/claimed kin

A

individuals that are unrelated by either marriage or birth, but have an emotionally significant relationship with another individual that would take on the characteristics of a family relationship.

78
Q

durkheim & religion

A

religion is communal and it reinforces social bonds. it maintains social order, unites people into a moral community, and distinguishes between the sacred and the profane.

79
Q

malinowski & magic

A

argued that magic has more in common with science than it does religion. both magic and science are about exerting control and magicians and scientists are alike because they both attempt to try and control the laws of nature.

80
Q

holiness

A

According to anthropologist Mary Douglas, “holiness” is exemplified by completeness/wholeness that is considered “deity-like”.

81
Q

separation in rites of passage

A

the separation from a former status to a new one.

82
Q

science

A

searches for answers without the appeal to the supernatural while also following certain culturally regulated processes from which to build knowledge.

83
Q

uncertainties

A

religion, science, and magic are all full of uncertainties.

84
Q

rituals

A

any repetitive behaviors or practice, either religious or non religious, that uses performative symbols to communicate meaning.

85
Q

taboos

A

opposite of rituals and are embodied by the action that is associated with bad luck, misfortune, or negative consequences.

86
Q

fetishes

A

material objects believed to be embedded with supernatural power.

ex:

87
Q

karl marx & religion

A

religion is like other social institutions in that it is dependent upon the material and economic realities in a given society.
“the religious world is but the reflex of the real world”

88
Q

max weber & religion

A

religion, which is based on cultural needs of man, has now added new dimensions to human life and human development. religion is essentially a system of ideas surrounding a set of powerful symbols.

89
Q

mary douglas & abominations

A

the abominations of Leviticus were not truly the case. the rules expressed the Hebrew characteristics of holiness- wholeness, completeness, and separateness. it affirms and strengthens the definitions to which they do not conform.

90
Q

baseball magic

A

baseball players use charms such as special clothing because they believe good magic is contagious. if it worked before and the player uses the same ritual than it will be the same.