Final Flashcards
What is fluency?
Effortless flow of speech
- Features: Easy, forward flow.
- Good intonation and stress patterns
- Few hesitations
- Low effort
What is Stuttering?
Abnormally high frequency or duration of stoppages in the “forward flow” of speech
Core behaviors (which are related to severity and persistence)
Repetitions:
-Most frequent
-Sound, syllable, or single syllable
-Li li li li like this
Prolongations:
-Appear later than repetitions
-Present at onset
-Sound or air flow continues but articulation
stops (short as half a second are abnormal)
Blocks:
-Last core behavior to appear
-Inappropriately stop the flow of air or voice
and often the movement of their
articulators as well
-Respiratory, laryngeal, or articulatory
-As stuttering continues blocks become
more intense and worse
Secondary behaviors and examples of each
Avoidance (circumlocutions; word substitutions)
-Anticipated stuttering and recalls negative
experiences. Use escape behaviors
BEFORE the stutter to avoid it
Escape (eye blinks, head nods)
-Occur when speaker is stuttering and
attempts to terminate the stutter and finish
the word
What are the components stuttering in CALMS?
C-cognitive A- affective L- linguistic M- motor S- social
What is the cause of stuttering?
Multifactorial. Not one direct cause
Typical onset? Average % of natural recovery?
Develops during rapid expansion of speech and language skills.
- Sudden ~40%
- Intermediate (over 1-2 wks): 30%
- Gradual (3 or more weeks) 27%
Average % recovery: ~75%
What is the stuttering iceberg? How do SLPs assess ‘above the water’ and ‘under the water’ aspects of stuttering?
What you see or hear is at the tip of the iceberg and the thoughts, attitudes and perceptions are below the water and those are the things that others can’t see but they are still there
What is the SSI? What does it stand for?
Stuttering Severity Instrument
Provides percentile rand and ‘severity’ rating based on scores from: frequency, duration, and physical concomitants
There is a reader and non reader version. Participants are asked to read a passage or describe a picture (non readers) and a language sample is obtained to aid in scoring.
What is the root of all stuttering?
avoidance
Camperdown
It is a four-staged program. It gives clients more self-reliance in the establishment, transfer, and maintenance of their controlled fluency. It is a type of speech restructuring for adults who stutter and mainly zooms in on the steps of prolonged speech
Key characteristics of Neurogenic Stuttering
stuttering appears on function as well as content words, stuttering no restricted to word-initial syllables, absence of secondary behaviors, little adaptation in readings
Key characteristics of Psychogenic Stuttering
stuttering remains constant or increases while speaking under fluency-inducing conditions. May show dramatic improvement with trial therapy.
Key characteristics of Cluttering
excess of normal disfluencies, lack of intelligibility, especially during rabid bursts of speech. May slur syllables and leave out others entirely.
Treatment for Neurogenic Stuttering
pacing, masking, DAF, slow rate, and easy onset.
