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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the core ideas that creationists hold to

A 
real, recent creation
separately created kinds
literal Adam
literal Fall and Curse
Global Flood
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2
Q

naturalistic evolution

A

A view of the origins of the universe that states:

All things came about by natural processes over a long period of time

All organisms can be traced back to a single common ancestor

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3
Q

what is a fossil

A

evidence of a once living organism

typically found in sedimentary rocks

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4
Q

body fossil

A

the actual organism itself or parts of it

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5
Q

trace fossil

A

indirect evidence of a fossil

ichnofossil

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6
Q

taphonomy

A

the study of everything that happens to an organism from the moment it dies until it is discovered as a fossil

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7
Q

plate tectonics

A

The theory that the earth’s crust is made of different plates that move

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8
Q

Universal Common Descent

A

The theory that all organisms are descended from a single common ancestor

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9
Q

viviparous

A

bringing forth live young that have developed inside the body of the parent

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10
Q

oviparous

A

producing young by means of eggs that are hatched after they have been laid by the parent

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11
Q

ovoviviparous

A

producing young by means of eggs which are hatched within the body of the parent, as in some snakes

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12
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

Variation in morphology and/or behavior associated with gender

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13
Q

microevolution

A

Changes in allele frequencies in a population over time

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14
Q

speciation

A

The evolutionary process by which new species arise

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15
Q

macroevolution

A

Evolutionary change above the level of species

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16
Q

megaevolution

A

Very large changes over time necessary for the creation of higher-level groups

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17
Q

convergance

A

Two unrelated species acquire the same feature independently

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18
Q

homology

A

Resemblance in biological structure or function that is the result of shared common ancestry

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19
Q

analogy

A

Comparable biological structures or functions that arose independently

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20
Q

radiometric dating

A

a method of dating geological or archeological specimens by determining the relative proportions of particular radioactive isotopes present in a sample

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21
Q

4 types of radiometric decay

A

alpha decay
beta decay
nuclear fission
electron capture

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22
Q

3 main assumptions with radiometric dating

A

The number of parent and daughter isotopes has only changed by radioactive decay (no contamination)

The amount of daughter isotopes at the beginning is either zero or an amount that can be accurately determined (we know the initial conditions)

The rate of decay has been constant over time

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23
Q

bioturbation

A

the record of animals burrowing in the sediments

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24
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

almost every known phylum is present

almost every known class is present

all appear suddenly without ancestry

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25
explanations for the Cambrian explosion
lack of fossils poor soft-bodied preservation material real, rapid, evolutionary event
26
Permian-Triassic extinction
most severe mass extinction
27
taxonomy
the study of the classification of organisms
28
traditional taxonomy
``` domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species ```
29
phylogeny
An evolutionary tree that indicates closeness of relationships
30
cladistics
Phylogenetic analysis involving the search for monophyletic groups by means of character analysis
31
clade
A group of taxa all united by common descent (i.e., monophyletic)
32
character
an observable trait
33
apomorphy
A character distinct to a particular taxon
34
synapomorphy
An apomorphy uniting two or more taxa that is particular to those taxa (“derived character”)
35
plesiomorphy
A character uniting two more taxa that is retained from more basal taxa (“basal character”)
36
4 types of common design
common blueprint common descent common need common function
37
holobaramin
A group containing all organisms that share continuity and are discontinuous from all other organisms
38
monobaramin
A group of organisms sharing continuity
39
apobaramin
A group of organisms that are discontinuous from all other organisms
40
polybaramin
An artificial grouping of organisms, not considering continuity or discontinuity
41
What are dinosaurs
vertebrates reptiles diapsids archosaurs (Ruling Reptiles)
42
dinosaur synapomorphies
erect posture perforated acetabulum Ascending astragalar process on front surface of tibia
43
pterosaurs
same range as dinosaurs found on every continent and on Greenland and New Zealand all laid eggs flying reptiles covered in pycnofibres
44
Pterodactyloidea
Middle Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous short tails long necks
45
biggest pterosaurs
Azhdarchidae
46
Herrerasauridae
Triassic dinosaurs Theropod-like Weird semi-retroverted pubis metacarpals on hand
47
Dinosauromorpha synapomorphies
Ascending astragalar process on front surface of tibia
48
Lagerpetidae
Generally small, gracile creatures Had a closed acetabulum Hook-shaped femur part of Dinosauromorpha
49
Silesauridae
Long-legged, mostly herbivorous dinosauriforms Middle – Upper Triassic Lowest ones in the Triassic have nearly conical teeth and beaks, Upper Triassic forms have folidont teeth.
50
Ornithiscia
Bird-hipped Predentary bone Thyreophora
51
Heterodontosauridae
Upper Triassic to Lower Cretaceous Small, bipedal ornithischians Found on all continents except Australia and Antarctica
52
Scutellosaurus
Lower Jurassic of Arizona Basalmost thyreophoran Probably bipedal Up to 4 ft. long
53
Scelidosauridae
Middle Jurassic The “earliest complete dinosaur” The most completely known British dinosaur 13 ft. long and quadrupedal Lightly armored
54
Stegosauria
Middle Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous(?) Dorsal row of plates/spikes Thagomizer
55
thyreophora synapomorphy
Body armor lined up in longitudinal rows along the body
56
Ankylosauria
Heavily armored Middle Jurassic – Upper Cretaceous Nodosauridae (No tail clubs, Narrow skulls) Ankylosauridae (Tail clubs, Wide skulls)
57
Ornithopoda
Generic bipedal/quadrupedal herbivores Jaw articulation ventral to maxillary tooth row Lower Jurassic – Upper Cretaceous
58
only known burrowing dinosaur
Oryctodromeus
59
Hypsilophodonts
“basal” ornithopods Middle Jurassic – Cretaceous Small, bipedal, seemingly unspecialized herbivores Possessed cheek teeth for grinding plant material
60
Iguanodontia
Iguanodon Hadrosauridae
61
Hadrosauridae
DUCK-BILLED DINOS Lambeosaurinae (Bony crests) Hadrosaurinae (No bony crests) Most efficient chewers of all dinosaurs Upper Cretaceous
62
Marginocephalia
marginal shelf at the back of skull Pachycephalosauria ceratopsia
63
Pachycephalosauria
Bone heads Bipedal Upper Cretaceous North America and Asia Skulls changed through ontogeny
64
Ceratopsia
Parrot beak-like rostrum Upper Jurassic – Upper Cretaceous
65
Yinlong
Earliest and “most primitive” ceratopsian known Upper Jurassic of China Possesses premaxillary teeth Not a very pronounced rostrum
66
Neoceratopsia
Obvious frill Protoceratopsidae Leptoceratopsidae Ceratopsidae
67
Ceratopsidae
Obvious horns Upper Cretaceous Huge nasal cavities North America (and 1 in Asia) Centrosaurinae (Short frills, Minimal brow horns (usually), Large nose horn (usually) Chasmosaurinae (Long frills, Large brow horns (usually), Small nose horn)
68
Saurischia
“Lizard-hipped” Upper Triassic – Upper Cretaceous (to present if you include birds)
69
Sauropodomorpha
Long-necked and long-tailed Herbivores Upper Triassic – Upper Cretaceous
70
Prosauropods
“Basal” sauropodomorphs Some were bipedal Upper Triassic – Lower Jurassic
71
Sauropoda
Obligate quadrupeds Contains biggest dinosaurs Walked on all 5 toes Pillar-like legs Very long necks and tails Upper Triassic – Upper Cretaceous Pneumaticity in skeleton
72
Pneumaticity in skeleton
Lightened skeleton Evidence for unidirectional breathing like birds Helps with problem of breathing through long necks
73
Diplodicomorpha
Incredibly long necks and tails Forelimbs shorter than hindlimbs Pencil-like teeth Sauropoda
74
Macronaria
Sauropoda “Big noses” Brachiosauridae (Forelimbs much longer than hindlimbs, Big bump on head contains nares) Camarasauridae Titanosauria (The biggest sauropods are in this group, Mainly a Cretaceous group, No phalanges on manus)
75
Theropoda
The only group of dinosaurs that contains strictly carnivorous forms Upper Triassic to Upper Cretaceous All bipedal Grasping hands with fingers or less All walk on three toes (except therizinosaurs) Hollow bones
76
Coelophysoidea
Theropoda Upper Triassic – Lower Jurassic Four fingers Kink in snout
77
Ceratosauria
Four fingers Abelisauroidea (Bizarre, large theropods, Tiny arms, Pug-like snouts)
78
Tetanurae
“Stiff tails” 3 fingers or less on hand Theropoda
79
Coelurosauria
Definitely feathered groups Large orbits Tibia longer than femur Tyrannosauroidea Maniraptoriformes
80
Maniraptoriformes
Some groups have true pennaceous feathers Ornithomimosauria (Ostrich-mimic dinosaurs) Maniraptora (Bird-like features: Semi-lunate carpal)
81
Paraves
Maniraptora Dromaeosauridae Troodontidae Avialae
82
first person to suggest dino to bird evolution
Thomas Henry Huxley
83
Archaeopteryx
“Ancient wing” “Basal” avialan Solnhofen Limestone, Upper Jurassic, Germany First skeleton in 1863 Main line of evidence used by Huxley to argue for dinosaur/bird evolution
84
Archaeopteryx bird characteristics vs. dino characteristics
Bird characteristics: Feathers, Furcula Dinosaur characteristics: Long bony tail, Teeth, Clawed digits
85
other evidence for dino bird evolution
Bird-like respiratory system in theropods Bird-like behavior in maniraptoran theropods: Sleeping posture (Mei long), Nest brooding (Citipati)
86
Enantiornithes
Most common Cretaceous group of birds Clawed digits Toothed Worldwide fossil record

Dino Bio (6 decks)

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