Final Flashcards
1
Q
famine
A
extreme food insecurity
2
Q
overnourished
A
Ingestion of too many calories and improper foods
3
Q
undernourished
A
Lacking sufficient calories to be healthy
4
Q
Malnourished
A
Lacking sufficient proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins or minerals
5
Q
food security
A
Having access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food
6
Q
Persistent pesticides
A
Linger in the environment for long pds. Of time
7
Q
Insecticides
A
kill bugs
8
Q
herbicide
A
kill weeds
9
Q
broad spectrum pesticide
A
kills many diff. types of pests
10
Q
Intercropping
A
2 or more crops are planted in the same field at the same time
11
Q
monocropping
A
Planting a single species of variety
12
Q
Crop rotation
A
Rotating the crops planted on a field from yr to yr
13
Q
agroforestry
A
Interspersing trees w/ other crop plants
14
Q
contour plowing
A
Plowing parallel to topographic contours
15
Q
autumn crops
A
Planting crops that will grow in bet. Seasons so that land won’t be bare
16
Q
No-till agriculture
A
Leaves crop residues on soil bet. Seasons
17
Q
organic agriculture
A
The production of crops w/out the use of pesticides/ fertilizers
18
Q
Aquaculture
A
The farming of aquatic organisms
19
Q
Factory ships
A
stay at sea for long periods of time. process and freeze catch on board
20
Q
Infill
A
material that fills in an unoccupied space
21
Q
urban blight
A
the degration of the built and social environment of the city that often accompanies and accelerates migration to the suburbs
22
Q
urban sprawl
A
Is the creation of urbanized areas that spread into rural areas and remove clear boundaries between the two
23
Q
externality
A
A cost or benefit of a good or service that is not included in the purchase price of that good or service
24
Q
maximum sustainable yield
A
The maximum amount of a resource that can be harvested w/out compromising the future availability of the resource
25
clear cutting
Cutting all or nearly all the trees in the area
26
selective cutting
Removes single trees or relatively small numbers of trees from among many in a forest
27
subsurface mining
typically horizontal shaft tunneled into the side of a mountain, then vertical tunnels are drilled
28
erosion
is the physical removal of soil and rocks by wind, water, and ice by down slope creep under the force of gravity
29
Deposition
is the accumulation or depositing of eroded material
30
physical weathering
is the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals
31
chemical weathering
occurs by the dissolving of minerals or direct chemical reactions with the elements found in the rocks
32
intrusive rock
forms within the Earth as magma rises and cools in place (slower)
33
extrusive rock
forms when magma is ejected and cools on Earth’s surface (quicker)
34
sedimentary rock
forms when sediments like muds, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments
o hold fossil records that provide a window into our past
35
igneous rock
formed directly from magma
36
metamorphic rock
formed when other rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures
o include marble, slate, and anthracite
37
passive solar
the use of the sun's energy for the heating and cooling of living spaces
38
active solar
a system that uses energy from the sun to move water or air with pumps or fans
39
energy conservation
reduction in the amount of energy consumed in a process or system, or by an organization or society, through the economy, elimination of waste, and rational use.
40
Isotopes
An isotope is an atom with the same # of protons,but diff # of neutrons. Are diff. Forms or the same element.
41
placer mining
The obtaining of minerals from placers by washing or dredging
42
mountaintop removal
is a form of strip mining in which explosives are used to blast off the tops of mountains
43
strip mining
a type of surface mining that involves removing a thin layer of material known as overburden
44
open pit mining
a type of surface mining in which massive, usually metallic mineral deposits are removed by cutting benches in the walls of a broad, deep funnel-shaped excavation.
45
humus
is dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays
46
tailings
materials left over after extraction of valuable minerals from ore
47
epicenter
is the point on the Earth's surface directly above where the earthquake occured
48
divergent pate boundary
two plates moving apart
49
convergent plate boundary
plates crush together
50
transform plate boundary
plates slide past each other
51
fossil fuel
hydrocarbons, primarily coal, fuel oil or natural gas, formed from the remains of dead plants and animals.
52
capacity factor
is the ratio of its actual output over a period of time, to its potential output if it were possible for it to operate at full capacity
53
capacity
The maximum amount that something can contain
54
cogeneration
is a method of energy conservation that involves the production of two types of energy at a single power plant
55
ions
An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
56
fission
nucleus splits in two
57
narrow spectrum pesticide
kills only one or few pests in which it is intended for.
58
urban renewal
The redevelopment of areas within a large city
59
Levee
An embankment built to prevent the overflow of a river
60
Water table
The level below which the ground is completely saturated we water
61
which of the soil particles are the largest?
sand
62
a loam is made up of which soil particles?
sand, silt and clay particles.
63
why is it important that agricultural soils have clay in them?
because clay holds more nutrients and loses less when rainfall leaches.
64
what do we need soil for?
we need soil for growing plants
65
what is soil made up of?
minerals (rock, sand, clay, silt), air, water, and organic material.
humus
66
which type of mining is usually most harmful to miners?
mountaintop removal
67
fossil records are found in which type of rock?
sedimentary rock
68
from what source does the world get most of its energy?
the sun
69
what is low level radioactive waste?
radioactive waste consisting of objects that have been briefly exposed to radioactivity
70
the efficiency of generating electricity from coal is about 35%. this is an illustration of what natural law?
2nd law of thermodynamics
71
sulfur dioxide mixes with water in the air to form _______
sulfuric acid
72
what is accomplished in the process of flaring
burns off excess natural gas during oil production
73
a vitamin A deficiency causes _______
anemia
74
what is the primary energy source in the US?
oil
75
what changed in the Green Revolution?
it changed the way we grow food
76
as a farm's output increases what happens to its cost of production?
they decline
77
what can you do on multiple use lands?
```
logging
mining
grazing
mineral extracting
maintain watershed
preserve wildlife
maintain scientific and historical value
```
78
what are wildlife refuges and wilderness areas managed for?
preserving large tracts of intact ecosystems
79
what are rangelands managed for?
grazing
80
what are national parks managed for?
recreation and conservation
81
what are national forests managed for?
timber harvesting
grazing
recreation
82
what does the bureau of land management manage for?
grazing
mining
timber harvesting
recreation
83
what are fertilizers used for?
are used to improved the growth and yield of crops
84
what are the advantages of using Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations?
minimizes land cost
Improves feeding efficiency
Increases the fraction of food energy that goes into the production of body mass
85
what are the disadvantages of using Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations?
Animals require antibiotics and nutrients
| Animals dont get to move around much
86
what are the advantages of raising free range meat?
Animals are allowed to feed on the natural productivity of the land
Not as likely to spread disease
Fewer antibiotics and medications
Waste is dispersed over grazing land
87
what are the disadvantages of raising free range meat?
Requires more land higher costs of production
88
what is the goal of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
to minimize pesticide inputs
89
what are the advantages of irrigation?
Increases crop growth rates
| Allows crops to be grown where they otherwise couldn’t
90
what are the disadvantages of irrigation?
* Deplete aquifers
* Saltwater intrusion
* Soil degradation
91
how does clear cutting damage the environment?
the area recedes
| - reduces biodiversity
92
which federal agency manages US Wildlife Refuges?
US Fish and Wildlife Services
93
the policy of fire suppression had what ecological effect?
causes build up of fuel in forests
94
what happens to biodiversity when large areas of forest are planted with saplings of the same age?
it is reduced
95
how much of earths water is fresh water?
2.5%
96
water in glaciers and polar ice is ____________
fresh water
97
when water in an aquifer is under enough pressure that a pump is not required for it to reach the surface it is called an ________ well.
artesian
98
what are characteristics of a eutrophic lake?
high levels of nutrients
99
what are the effects of a drought?
```
crop failure
political issues
social issues
death
economic issues
```
100
what are the positive effects of floods?
Floods spread sediment containing beneficial nutrients to topsoil that might never arrive there otherwise
101
what is meant by efficiency in an irrigation system?
how well it works
102
the majority of the world's freshwater is used for what?
agriculture and personal use
103
ethanol
- produced from corn and sugar cane
- US is the largest producer
- Brazil is 2nd
104
what substances can be used to make biodiesel?
vegetable oil
105
what are some examples of nondepletable energy sources?
wind
solar
geothermal
hydroelectricity
106
what is reverse osmosis?
A process by which a solvent passes through a porous membrane in the direction opposite to that for natural osmosis.
107
what is desalination?
the removal of salt
108
what is a dike?
A long wall or embankment built to prevent flooding from the sea
