Final Flashcards

(43 cards)

1
Q

Persuasive Speech

A

shapes/changes the way an audience feels, thinks, or acts

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2
Q

Successful argument

A

LOGICAL exchange of opposing ideas, uses evidence, reasoning, open mindedness, and critical thinking

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3
Q

Mental Dialogue

A

mental give and take between speaker and listener. listener considers credibility, evidence, reasoning, etc.

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4
Q

Target audience

A

portion of audience that speaker most wants to persuade

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5
Q

three categories of persuasive speeches

A

question of fact, question of value, question of policy

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6
Q

question of fact

A

deals with truth or falsity of an assertion (ex- court case)

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7
Q

question of value

A

deals with morality of an idea or action

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8
Q

question of policy

A

advocates for or against a certain course of action

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9
Q

passive agreement

A

convinces audience but avoids encouraging action

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10
Q

immidiate action

A

convinces audience and encourages action

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11
Q

ethos/pathos/logos

A

build credibility, use strong evidence, sound reasoning, and appeal to emotions

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12
Q

ethos

A

CREDIBILITY- the listeners perception of the speaker’s competence and character

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13
Q

three types of credibility

A

initial- before speech
derived- during speech
terminal- end of speech

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14
Q

how to enhance credibility

A

explain competence, establish common ground, speak expressively and with conviction

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15
Q

logos

A

logical appeals- evidence/reasoning

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16
Q

rules for evidence

A

use specific evidence, use novel evidence, uses credible evidence, connects to point

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17
Q

logical fallacies

A

(false logic) drawing conclusions based on insufficient evidence and/or faulty reasoning- avoid!

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18
Q

hasty generalization

A

jumping to conclusions based on insufficient evidence

19
Q

false cause

A

assuming that if one event follows another in time, the first event caused the second

20
Q

invalid analogy

A

two cases being compared that are not essentially alike

21
Q

bandwagaon

A

because something is popular, it is good/correct

22
Q

red harring

A

irrelevant information diverting the attention from the actual subject

23
Q

ad hominem

A

attacking the person rather than dealing w/ real issue

24
Q

either-or

A

narrowing complex situation to two choices

25
slippery slope
assuming first step will lead to later steps and negative outcomes that can be prevented
26
appeal to tradition
assuming something old is automatically better than something new
27
appeal to novelty
assuming something new is automatically better than something old
28
pathos
emotional appeals- intended to evoke anger, sadness, pride, happiness, etc.
29
how to appeal to emotion
use emotional language, imagery, use personal (but usually not your own) examples, show human connection, speak with sincerity, don't substitute emotion for evidence/reasoning
30
ethics
deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
31
ethical speaking
make ethically sound goals, be fully prepared, be honest, and avoid abusive/degrading language
32
what not to do when ethically speaking
don't lie- dishonesty leads to misinformation | don't use demeaning language- leads to suppression of ideas
33
goals of ethically speaking
truth and free expression of ideas
34
ethical listeners
listeners also have an ethical obligation
35
hearing
vibration of sound waves on eardrums- requires no effort
36
listening
paying close attention and working to make sense of what we hear- does require effort- listen with all senses and mind
37
five types of listening
appreciative, relational, action-oriented, comprehensive, critical
38
appreiciatve
listening for pleasure/enjoyment, relax-oriented, closest to "hearing" (ex- music)
39
relational
listening to provide emotional support, people-oriented, creates/maintains positive relations (females tend to accel)
40
action-oriented
listening to get a job done, tasks oriented, often impatient (males tend to accel)
41
comprehensive
listening to understand, content, oriented, evaluates an issue to learn more (often overlaps with other types)
42
critical
listening to evaluate (accept or reject a message), analysis-oriented (often overlaps with other types)
43
critical listening
listening for main points, evidence or reasoning, technique (use of ethos, pathos, and logos)