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1
Q

Strength of a metal can be increased by?

A

Grain Size reduction, solid solution strengthening/Alloying, precipitation hardening, and strain hardening/cold working

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2
Q

What is are the steps of precipitation hardening?

A

Solution heat treatment, quenching the metal in the solution, precipitation heat treatment/aging

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3
Q

Ductility of a metal can be increased by?

A

annealing

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4
Q

Describe the steps of annealing of a metal

A

Heat the metal, soak it at that temp for a long time, and then quench

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5
Q

What is the difference between hot working and cold working?

A

Hot working - above recrystallization temp, cold working - below recrystallization temp

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6
Q

What are some characteristics of a hot working a material? (3)

A

Large deformations are possible, less energy required for deformation, surface oxidation/poor finish

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7
Q

What are some characteristics of a cold working a material? (6)

A

stronger, more appealing surface finish, smaller deformations possible, more energy required to make those deformations, loss of ductility (Increased strength), decrease in corrosion resistance

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8
Q

What are the four forming operations for metals?

A

Forging (Pressed into a die), Rolling (Rolled between two rollers, decrease thickness), Extrusion (pushed through die orifice), and Drawing (pushed through die with tapered orifice)

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9
Q

What are the two casting processes for metals focused on in the course?

A

sand casting, lost wax/investment casting

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10
Q

What is sintering? What two methods use sintering for metals?

A

Sinter - densifies as small voids between particles are moved, Powder metallurgy (fine powder compressed, then hot isotactic pressing to sinter) and SLS (selective laser sintering, 3-D printing with metals)

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11
Q

Describe the process of SLS for metals vs 3D printing for ceramics

A

Metals - metal grains layered, hot laser sinters a location causing nearby metal particle to sinter together, platform moves down and repeated
Ceramics - ceramic grains layered, print head drops binding agent on area causing nearby ceramic particle to bind together, platform moves down and repeated

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12
Q

What are the four glass forming processes?

A

Pressing (Soft glass placed in mold and piston applies pressure to glass to fill mold), Blowing (Similar to pressing but air is used to generate a pressure), Drawing (Molten gas pulled over rollers to form sheets or tubes), Fiber forming (Similar to drawing but drawn through small orifice at bottom of tank)

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13
Q

What is the working point vs softening point.

A

Working point - glass easily deformed

softening point - max temp where glass can be handled without changing its shape

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14
Q

Describe the casting process for ceramics. What are the two types of slip casting for ceramics.

A

Ceramic particles are mixed with water and organic binder. Mixture put in mold, allowed to dry and then fired.
Solid slip casting - mold is full
Drain slip casting - mold is emptied so that only layer on inside of mold is left

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15
Q

Annealing a polymer does what?

A

Increases crystallinity and makes it stronger

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16
Q

Pre-drawing a polymer is analogous to what? What does it do?

A

Strain hardening in metals, increased strength along loading axis

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17
Q

What is crosslinking in a polymer?

A

Chemical or physical linking, increases strength by impeding the ability of chains to move past one another

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18
Q

What is a thermoplast? what is a thermoset? which is hard/brittle and which is ductile? describe the structure of the polymer of each

A

Thermoplast - soften when heated, harden when cooled, more ductile, mostly linear polymer
Thermoset - harden when heated, does not soften when cooled, hard/brittle with lots of crosslinking of sidechains

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19
Q

What are the 4 types of fiber spinning for polymers?

A

Melt spinning - molten polymer extruded through spinneret and cooled
Dry spinning - polymer dissolved in solvent, extruded through spinneret, solvent evaporates and polymer remains
Wet Spinning - dissolved polymer extruded into coagulation bath, fibers harden
Electrospinning - similar to dry, voltage at tip used to make smaller fibers

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20
Q

Extrusion in polymers involves? What type of polymer is used?

A

Polymer pellets melted and form a stream that is pushed through a die orifice, becomes solidified, similar to metal extrusion, thermoplasts used

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21
Q

Compression molding in polymers? what type of polymer?

A

Liquid/soft polymer placed in heated mold, pressure applied to fill mold and cooled, thermoplasts and thermosets

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22
Q

Injection molding in polymers? what type of polymer?

A

Plastic pellets forced into heating chamber by ram, melts and forced via pressure from ram into mold, pressure remains until polymer cooled.
Thermoplasts and some thermosets

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23
Q

Blow molding in polymers?

A

Molten polymer placed in heated mold, blown air forces polymer to fir to mold shape

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24
Q

What are the 4 types of polymer 3D printing

A

SLS - similar to metal/ceramic SLS
Fused deposition molding - molten thermoplast extruded and deposited in layer by layer fashion
Stereolithography (SLA) - selective polymerization of a photosensitive resin by a laser/UV light
Bioplotting/InkJet Bioprinting - hydrogels extrusion printed as a continuous stream or droplets assembled layer by layer

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25
What are the two types of heat sterilization? What is the main disadvantage of them?
Dry-heat - heat it up Steam sterilization - kills via irreversible coagulation & denaturation of proteins (steam must touch it) Disadvantage: Hydrolytically degradable polymers, polymers that cant handle the heat, certain packaging materials, materials with pockets that the steam cant reach
26
What are the four types of radiation sterilization? Disadvantages?
``` UV Gamma X-Ray Electron Beam Disadvantages: radiation degradation for polymers, poor penetration for E-beam, expensive ```
27
What is EtO? How does it work? Disadvantage?
Ethylene Oxide, chemically alters nucleic acid, gas exposed to implants in gas permeable packaging, afterward chamber purged multiple times Disadvantage: toxic and carcinogenic, time consuming, trained personnel
28
Hydrogen peroxide gas plasma? disadvantage?
Radicals in plasma react with cell components disrupting proteins and nucleic acids Disadvantages: not sutible for anythign with a lumen or cellulose (paper) or linens
29
What factors are considered for the polymer chains of a hydrogel
Backbone and side groups
30
What types of cross links can a hydrogel have?
Covalent bonds in a chemical gel, electrostatic/hydrophobic/Hydrogen bond/chain entanglement interactions for a physical gel
31
Density of crosslinks is related to?
Mean molecular weight between crosslinks
32
Swelling ratio is defined as?
Volume(weight) of swollen gel/volume(weight) of dry gel
33
The environmental sensitivity of a hydrogel is based on?
pH, temp, ionic strength, electric field, magnetic field, biomolecule
34
A polymer is either ___ or ___ based on its source.
Natural or synthetic
35
What are the properties of a surface/protein that impact protein adsorption?
``` Size of the protein Charge of surface/protein Structure of protein (how much/quick it can unfold) topography of surface hydrophobic/hydrophilic chemical composition ```
36
What is the vroman effect?
Proteins of higher concentrations typically bind to a surface first. Proteins with a higher affinity to that surface can, even if they have lower concentrations, can replace the other proteins as time continues.
37
Iom beam etching. What is it, what type of SMT is it?
Ions bombard surface, forms vacancies and interstitials, increase surface roughness. It modifies the original surface
38
Plasma etching. What is it, what type of SMT is it?
Fast plasma reaction (fast=no deposition), reacts with surface to change surface roughness. It modifies original surface but competes w/ plasma deposition
39
Physical Vapor Deposition. What is it, what are the types, what type of SMT is it?
Creates thin covalent/non-covalent coatings via gasification of coating that condenses on surface. Three types: Thermal Evaporation, Sputter Deposition, and Plasma assisted. it is either covalent or non-covalent coating
40
Name the other two miscellaneous modifications of the original surface.
Chemical reaction with the surface and mechanical roughening/smoothing
41
What is the difference between grafting to and grafting from?
Grafting to - Preassembled molecules bind to functional groups on the surface of the material Grafting from - Initiator is present of the surface of the material and monomers form a polymer based on these initiators
42
Chemical vapor deposition. What is it, what type of SMT is it? What's the difference between CVD and PVD
Creates a coating based on a chemical reaction with the surface or chemical decomposition. It is a covalent coating and differs with PVD in that it is chemically bound through a chemical reaction as opposed to being physically attached non-covalently to the surface
43
SAMS. What does it stand for, what is it, what type of SMT is it?
Self assembled monolayer, amphiphilic molecule is thermodynamically favorable to align with each other and the surface. Strong exothermic reaction between substrate and attachment group. It is a covalent coating
44
List and describe the three regions of a SAMS molecule
Functional head - polar, can be used to alter hydrophobicity or for chemical reactions Long Hydrocarbon chain - alkyl groups Attachment group - -COOH, -SH, -PO4, attaches covalently with surface
45
Solution coating. What is it, what type of SMT is it?
Dip substrate into solution containing dissolved coating material. Left to dry, solvent evaporates and coating is left. Non-covalent coating
46
Polyelectrolyte multilayer film. What is it, what type of SMT is it?
Substrate is charged, polymer is oppositely charged and either dropped or sprayed on surface. Process can be repeated for multiple layers. Non-covalent film
47
Langmuir-Blodget film. What is it, what type of SMT is it?
Amphiphilic molecules placed in aqueous media so polar head are in solution while non polar tail in air. Barrier is moved to push molecule evenly on substrate as its pulled out of solution.
48
What are the 7 cell functions impacted by cell-material interactions?
``` Viability Communication Protein Synthesis Proliferation Migration Activation/Differentiation Programmed Cell Death ```
49
What are the 5 types of receptors
Integrins, Cadherins, selectins, mucins, other Cell Adhesion Molecules
50
What are the 5 important ECM components
``` Fibrous proteins (collagen elastin) Glycosoaminoglycans (GAGS) Preoteoglycans Glycoproteins Growth Factors ```
51
DLVO Model models what? Factors what? ignores what?
Interaction potential energy based on cell distance. Van der Waals and Electrostatic interactions, Ignores hydrophobic, topography, steric, and receptor ligand binding
52
What are the five steps of cell migration?
Extension, attachment, contraction, release, recycle
53
What are the two factors that make up the motility coefficient? Define them
Translocation speed - speed of a cell along any straight path Persistence time - length of time a cell moves without change in direction
54
What are the 9 primary steps of the host response to implantation in order
``` Injury Blood material interactions Provisional matrix formation acute inflammation chronic inflammation granulation tissue formation foreign body reaction fibrous capsule formation resolution ```
55
What are the four types of resolution? define them
Extrusion - implant in contact with epithelium of skin, pushed out Encapsulation - fibrous capsule formed aroudn implant Resorption - no fibrous capsule/fibrous capsule then material degrades and absorbed into body and space is replaced Integration - Close approximation with host tissue
56
What are the 4 steps of neutrophil extravasation?
Granulocytes | Rolling, activation, adhesion, transendothelial migration
57
Neutrophils are a type of _____? What is its function?
Granulocyte phagocytosis respiratory burst secretion of chemical mediators
58
Macrophages come from what cell? what are their functions
Monocytes, Phagocytosis, frustrated phagocytosis, secretion of chemical mediators, antigen presentation
59
Name the types of granulocytes.
Basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil
60
What are three main factors/components in the granulation tissue and what are their roles?
Angiogenesis - makes blood vessels from pre-existing vessels Fibroblasts - Secrete ECM Myofibroblasts - involved in wound contraction
61
During the foreign body response, what appears? what are they made of?
Foreign body giant cells, amalgamated monocytes and macrophages
62
How does the topography of a material affect the foreign body response?
``` Topography: smooth - thin macrophage layer on implant rough - mix of macrophages and FBGC's Surface to Volume Ratio: high - high conc of macrophages and FBGC low - more granulation tissue ```
63
What factors can affect the thickness of a fibrous capsule
Amount/composition of small particulates Mechanical forces Shape
64
What is the key element of chronic inflammation? What does it consist of?
Granulomas, FBGC, modified macrophages, and lymphocytes
65
What are the ways antibodies can function
Agglutination Precipitation Neutralization Lysis
66
B Cells produce ___. They present ___ on their surface. They require stimulation from ___.
Antibodies, antigens, Th cells
67
What are the types of T cells? What do both of them express? what are their roles?
T helper, T cytotoxic. T cell receptors (TCR). Th cells secrete cytokine to stimulate B cells, Tc cells and macrophages Tc cells secrete perforins to lyse cells
68
Which molecule does each T cell get activated by?
Th cells are activated by MHC-II | Tc cells are activated by MHC-I and products from Th cells
69
What are the four types of hypersensitivity responses and what are they mediated by
``` Type I (IgE mediated) - typical allergic reaction, Type II (Antibody mediated) - antibodies destroy cells presenting foreign antigen Type III (Immune complex mediated) - occurs when many antibody-antigen complexes precipitate Type IV (T Cell mediated) - (delayed type) no antibodies ```
70
What type of biomaterials trigger each hypersensitivity reaction
Type I - reactions due to metallic biomaterials, latex, silicone Type II - not involved in biomaterials Type III - slowly degrading biomaterials Type IV - Some reactions due to metallic, silicone, and acrylic biomaterials
71
What are the two pathways from the complement pathway? What do both result in? The complement pathway is a part of the ___.
Classical Pathway and the alternative pathway, Membrane attack complex (MAC), the immune response
72
The classical pathway involves what antibodies? What is the cascade of binding/activation?
IgG or IgM, C1>C5>C5a+C5b>MAC
73
The alternative pathway is the main mechanism triggered for ____. What is the cascade of binding/activation?
Biomaterials, C3>C3a+C3b>C3bBb3b (not important)>C5>C5b>MAC
74
What are the interaction with platelets and the surface
Platelets adhere and release granule contents, nearby platelets recruited, thrombin-generated fibrin stabilizes the platelets
75
What are the two pathways for blood coagulation?
Intrinsic and Extrinsic
76
What is the steps of the common pathway?
Prothrombin+Factor X (after binding with Factor V)>Thrombin, Thrombin+Fibrinogen>fibrin, stabilized by factor XIII
77
What are the causes of the intrinsic pathway? The intrinsic pathway is only valid for_____.
trauma to blood itself of blood&ECM from damaged vessels, negatively charged surfaces
78
What are the causes of the extrinsic pathway?
Tissue factor released due to inflammatory stimulation of macrophages/endothelial cells

Materials (2 decks)

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