Final Flashcards
(270 cards)
1
Q
What are mental disorders?
A
alterations in thinking, mood, or behaviour associated with significant distress and impaired functioning
2
Q
Where are alterations in thinking, mood and behaviour found?
A
in the cognition
3
Q
What is a determinant to define significant distress?
A
duration depending on the situation
4
Q
Fill in the blank: Cognition usually precedes our ___.
A
Behaviour
5
Q
What is psychosis?
A
loss of touch with reality; considered the most serious of mental disorders
6
Q
What are disorder are psychotic symptoms most associated with?
A
Schizophrenia
7
Q
What other disorders can psychotic symptoms occur with?
A
schizoaffective disorder bipolar affective disorder depression brain tumours substance abuse
8
Q
what are symptoms of psychosis?
A
hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking
9
Q
What are hallucinations?
A
seeing/hearing thinks that aren’t there, or not hearing/seeing things that are there
10
Q
What are delusions?
A
false but firmly held beliefs not based on reality
11
Q
What sort of delusion can the fear of being watched be classified as?
A
paranoia delusion
12
Q
What is disordered thinking?
A
thinking that doesn’t make sense and is not linear
13
Q
What sort of delusion can someone thinking they are the 2nd coming of Christ be defined as?
A
delusion of grandure
14
Q
what are the 3 most common mental disorders?
A
mood and anxiety
substance abuse
cognitive impairment and dementia
15
Q
What percentage of the population suffers with mood and anxiety disorders?
A
11.7%
16
Q
what percentage of the population suffers with substance abuse disorders?
A
5.9%
17
Q
what percentage of the population suffers with cognitive impairment and dementia disorders?
A
2.2%
18
Q
What are the 4 factors in the etiology of mental disorders?
A
genetic, biological, psychological, social
19
Q
What can account for 50% of the risk of mental disorders?
A
genetics
20
Q
When looking at genetics causing schizophrenia, what do researchers look at?
A
monozygotic twins
21
Q
True or false: schizophrenia is common in childhood
A
false
22
Q
what age do males and females usually get diagnosed with schizophrenia?
A
18 and 28 respectively
23
Q
What other factors are considered to effect the onset of schizophrenia?
A
maternal nutrition, viral infection, perinatal complications, exposure to toxic pathogens, social stress
24
Q
What percentage of mothers have been found to have schizophrenia?
A
12%
25
how do perinatal complications contribute to the etiology of schizophrenia?
during birth - if there are complications, prolonged labour, or the child is in danger
26
What can be said about the relation of immigrants and schizophrenia?
1st/2nd generation immigrants are at higher risk then their non immigrating relatives
27
What sorts of social stresses can lead to the etiology of schizophrenia?
mothers who experience death of close relative during the 1st trimester
stressful, demanding jobs
children born during periods of famine
28
What sorts of issues contribute to the etiology of affective disorders such as depression?
```
PPD
genetics
other medical conditions
gender
age
abuse
loss or rejection
stress
isolation
substance abuse
```
29
Are women or men more likely to develop affective disorders?
women
30
What age groups are more likely to develop affective disorders?
adolescence or elderly
31
What percentage of individuals with schizophrenia also struggle with substance abuse?
60%
32
What sorts of factors contribute to PPD?
hormones, stress of newborn, no sleep etc
33
Who did research in the area of the roll of stress in mental illness, and what were the findings?
Leonard Pearlin; compared depression rates in people who had become unemployed
found that those who DID NOT develop depression:
compared themselves positively with others
were not focussed on economic and monetary achievements
reported high levels of emotional support
internal locus of control
34
What is the internal locus of control?
how we see other options and feel in control
35
what is the external locus of control?
factors outside of our control
36
What were the findings in those who did suffer with depression?
low self esteem, financial success was the main goal in life
37
What was the relation of depression and money in Pearlins research?
those who did not prioritize money did not develop depression
38
What was the Stirling County study & who conducted it?
Alexander Leighton; looked at stress levels in communities and the role that environment played in mental illness
39
What were the findings of the Stirling County study?
mental illness was higher in disintegrated communities in comparison to cohesive communities
40
What sorts of things characterized a disintegrated community in the Stirling county study?
recent history of disaster
extensive poverty
cultural confusion (conflicting cultural groups)
rapid social change
41
Which theorist's ideals influenced Leighton's study?
Durkheim
42
What were some secondary findings in Leighton's research?
```
individual stresses such as:
love
security
sexual satisfaction
sense of belonging
orientation of oneself and place in society
```
43
what is biological treatment?
bodily intervention - psychiatry
44
what is psychological treatment?
psychosocial therapy - psychology
45
what sorts of things are classified as biological treatments of mental illness?
blood letting
lobotomies
insulin therapy
electro convulsive therapy
46
what is blood letting?
having an excessive build up of toxins, so leeches were used or teeth were removed to release toxins
47
who invented lobotomies and what is it?
Egis Monice; the surgical removal of part of the brain
48
What sorts of things are classified in psychological treatments?
therapeutic communities like eating well, sleeping etc
| catharsis
49
what is catharsis?
the release of emotion
50
What is the St Mary of Bethlam Hospital and how did it contribute to the growth of the asylum?
a chaotic hospital for the mentally ill; was chaotic because there were no treatments available at the time for these illnesses
this place was dedicated to the treatment and housing for mental illnesses
51
What sorts of factors contributed to the growth of the asylum?
more illness - neurosyphilis
closing of poorhouses/workhouses and overrun jails, which then individuals were pushed to asylums because they had no where else to go
growing intolerance of madness within the family/community
this was a more humane environment for the mentally ill
52
How did capitalism play a role in the growth of the asylum?
mentally ill were not good for the economy, as they could not contribute to society; upperclass families also sent mentally ill family members to asylums because it was embarrassing to their prestigious guests
53
What is deinstitutionalization?
people being moved out into the community
54
what is civil libertarianism?
promotion of individual rights
55
What sorts of ideas led to the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill?
civil libertarianism
confidence in newly introduced anti psychotic medication
promise of community mental health services
political economic influences
56
How did the introduction of anti psychotic medication contribute to deinstitutionalization?
treat psychotic moments - this was profound that there were treatments people could take to reverse or help these symptoms
57
What are some examples of the results of deinstitutionalization?
```
poverty
homelessness
suicide
imprisonment
substance abuse
violence
family stress
victimization
```
58
What is the disease paradigm?
biological arena; emphasizes the making better of the symptoms that destress or impair individual functioning; may be related to medication, money, side effects etc.
59
what is the psychopharmaceutical revolution?
drugs were discovered to treat schizophrenia, and other medicinal discoveries like anti depressants
60
what is the drug called used to treat schizophrenia?
chlopromozene
61
what is the discrimination paradigm?
social arena; emphasizes the role that stigmatization plays in the daily experiences of people with mental illness
62
what is master status and who came up with the concept?
Erving Goffman; some become so stigmatized that it defines who they are
63
List and explain the 5 reasons schizophrenia is stigmatized.
Uncertainty: people don't know much about schizophrenia, and just assume they are always psychotic
Unpredictability: assumption that you cannot predict how they will behave; confused often with DID; Jeckyl and Hyde situation
Incompetence: based on belief that they are unintelligent
dangerousness: based on the belief that people with schizophrenia are potentially violent
responsiblization: assumption that if treatment is available, person is responsible for taking it
64
What did Hooley say about stigma, mental health and culture?
euro Americans have a high internal locus of control because we start to blame others who fail in manifesting their own lack of success
65
What did Jenkins say about stigma, mental health and culture?
Latin Americans explain it as "nervios" - nerves explain the reason of mental illness - less stigma
biochemical explanation in western society - more stigma and is associated with the "that person has it and I don't" attitude
66
Why would an individual with schizophrenia feel that things were impossible?
there was very little hopeful information about mentally ill individuals leading "normal" lives
67
List and define the 4 areas in the stigma management technique.
trying to pass: hide it from everyone
dividing their social worlds: tell only some people
deflecting: distance self from label
challenging: confront stigma
68
What are the 3 categories of costs of mental illness to society?
individuals
family
society
69
What are the sorts of individual level costs of mental illness?
disability
suicide
cost of treatment
victimization
70
What are the sorts of family level costs of mental illness?
financial burden
emotional burden
caretaker burnout
courtesy stigma
71
what is courtesy stigmatization?
Familes, nurses psychiatrists deal with stigma in society; can lead to parent putting all energy into dealing with ill family members and withdrawing from the rest of their lives
72
What are the sorts of society level costs of mental illness?
mental health services such as crisis lines, housing, case management, self help groups
73
Who coined the term "Medicine as an Institute of Social Control"?
Irving Zola
74
Define medicalization.
The process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as medical conditions.
75
Who is seen as the primary drivers of the medicalization process?
physicians and the medical profession
76
What are some examples of medicalized disorders?
```
alcoholism
Post Partum Depression
hoarding
ADHD
Homosexuality
Masturbation
PMS
```
77
What are the 5 stages to medicalization?
```
Previous views
intra debates
inter debates
lay debates
institutionalization
```
78
Define the stages of PMS becoming medicalized using the 5 stages of medicalization.
Previous views: seen as normal or deviant behaviour increasingly becoming medical
intra debates: within medical professionals; who treats PMS?
Inter debates: between all health professionals; Some defend the medical field, others defend a psychological field
Lay debates: between public and health establishment; women vs medicine
Institutionalization: on the list of disorders; research efforts to find a cure/treatment; becomes normalized as a medical condition; could be used in court for example to gain ownership of children if woman gets too "vile" in PMS
79
What are the benefits of medicalization?
can reduce stigma
can lead to empathy
can ensure that the person receives help
80
How does the medicalization of depression benefit individuals who struggle with depression?
has led to greater empathy for those diagnosed - not seen as lazy anymore
also gives a legitimate reason to see a doctor and get a prescription
81
What are some potential problems associated with medicalization?
medical profession comes to own the condition
focus on medical disorder closes off discussions about experience as owing to social conditions
may be used to justify involuntary treatment
82
What did Lily Tomlin have to say about being diagnosed with PMS?
forces a sense of tunnel vision; basically blames PMS as a result of the stressors of life
83
What does deinstitutionalization lead to?
involuntary treatment or hospitalization into a community that is not ready to support them
84
What problems are associated with mentally ill living in the community?
if an individual goes off their medications, they are on their own
individuals with schizophrenia for example are not able to recognize themselves as ill, so they will not know when to receive help.
85
What are community treatment orders?
considered an alternative to involuntary hospitalizations and are designed to address the revolving door client
86
what is the revolving door client?
an in and out patient; the patient becomes stabilized and then goes out, and then is back in because they are off their meds etc.
87
What are some conditions outlined in community treatment orders?
taking medications as prescribed, attending medical appointments as required, supportive housing, refraining from the use of alcohol or drugs
88
What should medicalization be seen as?
an instrument of social control
89
What is re-institutionalization?
the individual maintains housing unit residency; isn't the first choice of the individual - it is not a good practice for community treatment, but sometimes it is necessary
90
Who developed the theory of the looking glass self? What is the looking glass self?
Charles Cooley; when we look in the mirror we see objective features (eye colour etc), but for most of us its not that objective
91
What are the 3 steps in the looking glass self process?
how do others see me?
how do others evaluate me based on what they see?
how does their evaluation make me feel about myself?
92
What is the I and Me theory? Who came up with this theory?
George Mead; the I is a subject with power, and the me is the self as object perceived by others (the socialized part of ourselves); can't see myself as others see me until I have a developed sense of self
93
At what age do children recognize themselves in the mirror?
18 months
94
Who came up with the 3 components of self? What are they? How do they interact with each other?
```
Higgens
The actual self
the ideal self
the ought to be self
there is tension between these 3 to act, adjust and try to cope through deviance
```
95
using the 3 components of self, what does this look like regarding weight?
the actual self: 20 lbs overweight
the ideal self: lose 30 lbs
the ought to be self: the "should be" - I shouldn't care what I look like, instead I should care about my cholesterol etc.
96
What is the presentation of self? Who came up with this term?
Goffman; includes the dramaturgical approach and impression management
97
What is the dramaturgical approach?
deals with the front stage self and the back stage self; that we treat life as a performance on a stage
98
What is impression management?
when we are able to say "I can't go looking like this because ...." and try to make a good impression of ourselves on others
99
what lens can we understand impression management through?
the socialized self
100
What are the guidelines for determining appearance norms in society?
change over time
cross cultural differences
age dependent
women evaluated more harshly
101
How has appearance changed over time?
thin was not always the most desired; fuller women used to be the beauty standard
102
What does "what is beautiful is good" mean?
research shows that those considered attractive live better lives than those who are not; have higher paying jobs, better houses etc.
103
What are scientific standards in regards to the ideal body?
discussion focussed; "objective" orientation - there are harms associated with body weight etc.
104
what are the social standards in regards to the ideal body?
sociological lens; the promotion of the ideal body, and what your ideal body image is based on
105
What is considered an underweight BMI?
less than 18.5
106
What is considered an ideal BMI?
18.5 - 24.9
107
What is considered an overweight BMI?
25.0 - 29.9
108
what is considered an obese BMI?
30 or greater
109
what percentage of men and women are overweight or obese in Canada?
62% and 46% respectively
110
what percentage of men and women are underweight?
2-3%
111
what are health risks associated with being overweight?
hypertension, type 2 diabetes, certain cancers
112
what are health risks associated with being underweight?
decreased immune system, anorexia, bulimia
113
what has the highest fatality rate associated with being underweight?
anorexia
114
What is the critique for using BMI to determine health?
there could be a high BMI but the person could be quite healthy; parameters are too narrow
115
What 3 understandings are there that correlate to obesity other than BMI?
genetics, endocrinology, neurochemistry
116
how to genetics relate to obesity?
established through adoption studies; there is a genetic marker that determines obesity
117
how does endocrinology relate to obesity?
hormones related; thyroid, estrogen, progesterone etc and relate to hunger control
118
how does neurochemistry relate to obesity?
higher levels of serotonin could indicate lower levels of obesity
119
What are examples of the sociological understandings of obesity?
```
increased standard of living
all you can eat
drive thrus
processed foods
food pricing
food advertising
```
120
How does food pricing contribute to our understandings of obesity?
poor quality diet is cheaper, so lower socioeconomic status has a strong correlation with obesity
121
How does food advertising contribute to our understandings of obesity?
the media spends lots of money to entice us and convince us that we will not be as happy if we miss out etc.
122
what is considered the ideal female body?
has become thinner over time
123
what is considered the ideal male body?
muscles and lean
124
are media portrayed body images attainable?
NO
125
Why is the media harmful for providing body image standards?
higher body expectations lead to damaging images for youth to compare themselves to
126
Summarize what Kristie Clements discussed in her book "The Vogue Factor".
it was a regular occurance that models fainted, ate tissues, did drugs and smoked to maintain body image.
Was also easier to maintain a male image than the woman image.
This became the standard women to compare to, so it became very damaging
127
What are the 3 most common cosmetic procedures in Canada?
breast augmentation, liposuction, eyelid surgery
128
What is the beauty and cosmetic industry's worth?
450 billion dollars
129
What 3 reasons do individuals use to justify their behaviour in the beauty and cosmetic industry?
aesthetics
individuality
health - fit/muscular (incl. psychological wellbeing)
130
what are aesthetics?
beauty is good, so it is justifiable to invest in it
131
what is individuality?
expression of "who I am"
132
what is health in relation to the beauty industry?
skin care makes you feel better about yourself
133
Who coined the phrase "Doing gender"? What does this mean?
West and Zimmerman; gender is heavily informed by culture; choices are within constraints and situated practice
134
What is beauty premium economics?
physical attractiveness = currency
physical appearance = power
similar to what is beautiful is good, meaning that if you are considered physically attractive, you usually get what you desire
135
What is considered to be factors in determining physical attractiveness?
ageism and fear of irrelevance
136
What is the Sisyphean exercise?
idea that you work and work but never complete anything
137
What does capitalism require in the beauty industry?
continual development of new markets, expanded markets and consumerism; requires the promotion of desired but unattainable body images
138
what 3 areas is the beauty industry critiqued in?
ageism, racism and classism
139
how is ageism related to the beauty industry?
hide wrinkles, as youth image is more desirable
140
how is racism related to the beauty industry?
whitewashing images, upholding racist looks and ideals
141
how is classism related to the beauty industry?
expensive beauty products and procedures, but is still promoted
142
how does the beauty market target men?
GI Joe dolls: biceps doubled in the 1990s in comparison to the 1960s
playgirl centerfolds showed men with 12 lbs less fat and 25 lbs more muscle
mens health magazines increased in sales, cosmetic procedures increased, grey hair products, and mens toiletries also increased
143
Who do the beauty market often create targeted ads towards?
working class, trendies, pleasure seekers, moralists, gays
144
Why does the beauty market often aim ads to the gay community?
they most likely won't have children, so they just spend their money on beauty products instead
145
What did Simone De Beauvoir say about the industry's impact on women?
women tend to take their bodies as an object; the only body that women are proud to display is the one that costs a lot of money
146
What is the critical ontology of ourselves? Who pioneered this theory?
Michel Focault; means the knowledge of this body
advertisements are discourses about masculinity and femininity, which limit possibilities
also includes the alienation of the body from oneself
147
what does the alienation of the body from oneself mean?
experience of life is determined by the body and peoples perceptions of this body
148
What are beliefs?
any proposition thought to be true
149
what are belief systems?
cohesive set of interrelated beliefs
150
What are the 2 belief systems in relation to deviance?
belief systems are deviantized
| belief systems deviantize others
151
What is the most dominant religion in Canada?
Christianity
152
what percentage of Canadians identify as Christian?
65%
153
under the umbrella of Christianity, what are the 3 most common denominations?
catholicism
protestantism
christian orthodox
154
What is the next most common religious affiliation after Christianity?
none
155
what is the third most common religious affiliation?
Islam, which is 3-4%
156
What does believing without belonging mean?
many Canadians who reported affiliation do not go to services
157
How is the demographic of religion changing in Canada?
increased reporting in no affiliation
1980s saw 144% increase in other religions
immigration policies have heavily influenced increased diversity
158
what is secularization?
process by which religion increasingly loses its influence
159
Is Canada secularized? What does this suggest for Canada?
yes and no
this suggests that Canada was at one point very religious
struggles with definition of what this looks like
160
How is Canada secular?
stores now open Sundays, no reciting prayers at public schools
161
how is Canada not secular?
Christmas and easter holidays off, publicly funded religious schools, swear on the bible in the court of law
162
Describe the quiet revolution in Quebec.
1960s people were abandoning the Catholic Church, as they increasingly saw the church as irrelevant and oppressive
Kids in Quebec were lagging behind in school in comparison to the other provinces
There was no rioting, just people stopped attending church services
163
What are 2 examples of issues of religious accommodation in Quebec?
the RCMP officer fighting to wear a turban; students bringing religious symbols to school
164
What did Durkheim define religion as?
the sacred and profane binary; religion connected people and forced social cohesion
165
What does religion being not monolithic mean?
religious organizations are not rigid and are open to new ideas; new religious movements and preaching atheist perspectives in the United church for example
166
What sorts of tensions exist in the religious realm?
hierarchy among scientology and Jehovah's Witnesses; tax breaks for religious groups
167
How does religion fit in the public versus private context?
the idea that you can be religious, but keep it out of the work force; you can pray, but do so in private at home; it becomes hard to not bring religious beliefs into the public light
168
What are the 4 classifications of religious groups?
ecclesia, churches, sects, cults
169
what is an ecclesia?
official state religion; Islam in Iran for example
170
what are churches?
large, established religious groups with long histories and complex bureaucracies; formalized rituals; Christianity and Buddhism for example
171
what are sects?
smaller breakaway groups with more rigid membership and behaviour requirements; frequently emphasize the rewards of afterlife
172
what are cults?
small, oppositional groups with a charismatic leader and a small number of followers; often oppositional and considered the most deviant
173
Is the level of tension towards religious groups bidirectional?
yes
174
what 3 factors contribute to the level of tension toward religious groups?
magnitude of differences
antagonism toward outsiders
self segregation
175
How are sects considered deviant?
require a high level of commitment and faith compare to churches, and if members do not follow the rules they may be excommunicated
176
What are denominational sects?
increasingly integrated into larger society and may be considered a denomination of a larger church; 7th day adventists for example
177
What are established sects?
maintain a higher degree of tension within larger society; Jehovah Withness' for example
178
How are cults considered deviant?
often demand that members abandon their old life and accept a radically different lifestyle; practices may be unconventional or even evil
179
What are some examples of unconventional cult practices?
mass suicides, sexual sharing, surrendering all possessions
180
Were cults always deviantized?
no
181
What is the cult menace frame?
break off groups that often had negative framework
182
How did the media create a negative viewpoint of cults?
use of one sided sources: interviewed people who were unhappy with cults
superficial coverage - lack of investigative journalism: lack of reports of first hand experience
employment of sensationalist stereotypes: using language like brainwashing
over reporting of atypical events: over reporting of events in the news (Wako Tx for example)
183
What did the media construct the image of cults as?
folk devils, which created a moral panic
184
What are the 5 central themes in cults?
members wear distinctive clothing
located in isolated areas
live in communes
belief systems are portrayed as delusional
peculiarities are made visible - chanting in the park for example
185
Describe the Raelians in Quebec.
Promoted sexual freedom, and claimed that they created the worlds 1st clone; also claimed that humans were created by aliens in a lab; children were not forced to take the religion, and could not be baptized until they were 15
186
What did Palmer discuss in her book about the Raelians?
she was a bit sympathetic to these people, and challenged the view of cults and that we need to do more investigative work to make a clear judgement
187
What is the guarantee of the Rights and Freedoms?
that they are subject to reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrated in a free and democratic society
188
Who is Winston Blackmore?
Mormon in BC that had lots of children and 24 wives; was charged with polygamy and argued his freedom of religion rights
189
Are fundamental freedoms absolute?
no, they are subject to limits; for example, polygamy law trumps freedom of religion
190
What is a counter cult movement?
oppose religious freedoms
they often interpret the bible incorrectly
focussed on getting more adherents to their own faith
stigmatized in society
191
what are anti cult groups?
newer then counter cults, act only on the belief that cults are destructive; parents of hippy children in the 1960s
192
What are examples of religion deviantizing others?
Witch trials, residential schools, victorian child savers
193
How did the Witch trials deviantize others?
saw women as bringing in the devil which deviantized women
194
How did residential schools deviantize others?
Christianity led this movement, and identified Indigenous peoples as deviant; were forced to abandon their previous understandings of life and adapt to christianity
195
how did Victorian child savers deviantize others?
protestant middle class women depended on works on earth for salvation and felt it was their need to clean ip social problems; they removed children from impoverished homes because they considered them morally flawed and unloved
196
What is scientific misconduct?
practices deemed as unacceptable or inappropriate because they intentionally manipulate research outcomes
197
Where is scientific misconduct most common?
biomedical research because it often receives the most funding so people are more interested and it invites scrutiny
198
What are 2 examples of scientific misconduct?
plagiarism and data falsification
199
What is the bad apple theory?
there is nothing wrong with science and its just rare individuals that you will always find that have personality flaws
200
what is the iceberg theory?
we only hear about the tip of the iceberg - some never get caught or it is dealt with internally without public knowledge
201
Why is there so much scientific misconduct?
```
pressure to publish
publishing bias
corporation of science
profit motive
post academic science
industry sponsor maintains the control of research
```
202
Who is Nancy Oliveri and how did her story contribute to scientific misconduct?
was doing research on a specific disease and drug - realized that half her patients weren't doing well, but could not tell her coworkers because of the contract she was under
203
What is the social construction of science?
what is legitimate changes over time; evolution or acupuncture for example
204
what did Alan Young say about inventing PTSD?
the suffering is real, but the categorization and science part is a process - it is an experience and a collection of symptoms; research was politically motivated because of army vets coming back and experiencing symptoms
205
What is social Darwinism?
humans evolved from primitive to more civilized; used to rationalize colonization and eugenics programs
206
What 2 factors are resulted from psychiatric and medical diagnoses?
labels (stigmas)
| responsibilities patients: if things become wildly accepted, they may be pressured to do things
207
What groups of people were sterilized?
promiscuous women
indigenous
mentally ill
disabled
208
What is the deviance dance?
the interactions, negotiations and debates among groups with different perceptions of whether a behaviour or characteristic is deviant and needs to be socially controlled
209
What is the deviance dance seen as sometimes?
a mosh pit; slam into each other trying to achieve their own goals
210
what are the 3 steps to the social typing process?
description, evaluation, prescription
211
How does schizophrenia fit into the social typing process?
description: how we label it
evaluation: media choosing dramatic cases to portray
prescription: institutionalized, eugenics, debates about social control
212
what are formal social controls?
laws
213
what are informal social controls?
dirty looks, mocking
214
what are preventative forms of social control?
measures that prevent deviance; closing bars to prevent COVID from spreading for example
215
What are retroactive forms of social control?
applied after the fact; fines at Grace Life Church for example
216
who are agents of power?
politicians, scientists, religious institutions, media, commercial enterprise
217
What is the human rights policy on a global level?
having the freedom from discrimination, security of person and property, and human dignity
most countries agree that citizens have a right to live in an area with rights and dignity
218
what country was ranked for having the highest quality of life and social function?
Canada
219
According to the textbook, what groups are at greater risk for developing mental illness/psychological distress?
those who live in families of low socioeconomic status, refugees, marginalized due to LGBTQ communities
220
According to the textbook, why were states of emergency declared in Attawapiskat?
there were massive amounts of youth suicides in Indigenous communities
221
According to the textbook, what does Lalonde caution about the interpretation of the relationship between mental health and Indigenous communities?
even though these studies happened in Indigenous communities, these specific communities were the least culturally healthy, meaning that their cultural identity has been disrupted
222
According to the textbook, who is most likely to be diagnosed with mood and anxiety disorders?
women
223
According to the textbook, who is most likely to be diagnosed with antisocial and conduct disorders?
men
224
According to the textbook, who is most likely to be diagnosed with PTSD?
refugees, soldiers, emergency responders, officers
225
According to the textbook, what does the statement saying that research in mental health shows diagnostic biases based on gender, race or ethnicity mean?
unconscious biases led psychologists and psychiatrists to misdiagnose individuals belonging to marginalized social groups
226
In the Herman reading titled:
"“Mixed nutters” and “Looney tuners:” The emergence, development, nature, and functions of two informal, deviant subcultures of chronic, ex‐psychiatric patients"
what was/were the limitations of previous works on the deinstitutionalization phenomenon?
it focussed on an objectivist look of deinstitutionalization and explored the effects on the deviancy itself as opposed to looking at how the patients understood deinstitutionalization
227
In the Herman article titled: "“Mixed nutters” and “Looney tuners:” The emergence, development, nature, and functions of two informal, deviant subcultures of chronic, ex‐psychiatric patients."
What was the purpose and focus of the authors work?
to explore the effects of deinstitutionalization from the perspectives of “chronic discharged psychiatric patients”
wanted to look at a symbolic interactionalist perspective (finding the social meanings that once patients found important and real). Specifically looking at ex-patient subculture, in how previous patients adapted to their illness and deal with their deviancy.
228
In the Herman article titled: "“Mixed nutters” and “Looney tuners:” The emergence, development, nature, and functions of two informal, deviant subcultures of chronic, ex‐psychiatric patients."
The author's previous work compared the post-deinstitutionalization experience of persons with chronic mental illness and persons with non-chronic mental illness. What were her findings?
Non-chronic wanted to return to normality and found their deviant identities to be temporary hang-ups.
this was influenced by the nature of their disorder, the duration, the treatment received, and also the label bestowed upon them by psychiatrists.
Chronic made little to no attempt to rejoin normalcy and adapted the role of a patient as their “master status” internally Furthermore, chronic were stigmatized by their families, with one or two ex-patients being their only social ties. As a result, they adapted “defensive” strategies to deal with their illness: institutional retreatism, societal retreatism, capitulation(surrender), and identity transformation.
229
In the Herman article titled: "“Mixed nutters” and “Looney tuners:” The emergence, development, nature, and functions of two informal, deviant subcultures of chronic, ex‐psychiatric patients."
What were the 5 offensive strategies employed by non chronic patients to deal with their mental illness?
```
selective concealment
preventive telling
therapeutic telling
normalization
political activism
```
230
In the Herman article titled: "“Mixed nutters” and “Looney tuners:” The emergence, development, nature, and functions of two informal, deviant subcultures of chronic, ex‐psychiatric patients."
What were the 4 defensive strategies employed by chronic patients to deal with their mental illness?
institutional retreatism
societal retreatism
capitulation(surrender)
identity transformation
231
In the Herman article titled: "“Mixed nutters” and “Looney tuners:” The emergence, development, nature, and functions of two informal, deviant subcultures of chronic, ex‐psychiatric patients."
Who are the 'Mixed Nutters' and 'Looney Tuners'? (you don't need to know specifics for the exam, but you should generally know who belong to these groups)
Two ex-psychiatric subcultures, the “Mixed Nutters being 36 males and 13 females in low income housing in the southwest of a metropolitan city. (around 21-42 years old) from working class backgrounds and poorly educated.
The “Looney Tuners” made up of 48 members (26 males and 22 females) who also lived-in low-income housing of on the streets, in the north of a smaller city, also from blue collar backgrounds with lesser education.
232
In the Herman article titled: "“Mixed nutters” and “Looney tuners:” The emergence, development, nature, and functions of two informal, deviant subcultures of chronic, ex‐psychiatric patients."
What are the 5 characteristics of the deviant subcultures developed by the 'Looney Tuners' and the 'Mixed Nutters'? Describe each.
Behavioural patterns: base their attention, interests and activities around their deviancy, and problems associated, specifically from their three major activities of “Hanging around”, “Shrink Sessions” (informal help sessions with one another), and “Schooling” (the discussing and acquiring of new skills with one another).
Subcultural norms: The practicing of these behavioural patterns, sharing tobacco or sharing money with one another, when it is acceptable to engage in prostitution, or when to sell their medications, and when to preform shoplifting.
They also protect and dignify their members; they also have penalties for breaking said norms.
Argot: Their own lingo or slang to disguise their activities.
Boundaries: They have territories where they carry out their activities, (Looney Tuners have a smaller territory than Mixed Nutters (2.5-3 sq miles, and 3.0-4sq miles respectively)) these individuals rarely leave their territories as they get a sense of security from them.
Ideology: Perspectives on themselves, relationships, attitudes on their deviancy, justifications for deviant acts. Neurotypicals are cruel, untrustworthy, uncaring, dangerous, or unknowledgeable about their illnesses. However, their friends inside the groups also mold their ideology (think social learning theory).
233
In the Herman article titled: "“Mixed nutters” and “Looney tuners:” The emergence, development, nature, and functions of two informal, deviant subcultures of chronic, ex‐psychiatric patients."
The author concludes that ex-patient sub-cultures provided a number of functions for their members. What were these functions?
Subcultural participation
group activities
providing of “expert” advice by veterans, members provided with ideologies and justifications of deviant activities
they were given ideologies that enhanced the self-justification of their deviancy
lastly the cultures gave them strategies on how to work with the outside world effectively.
234
In the Herman article titled: "“Mixed nutters” and “Looney tuners:” The emergence, development, nature, and functions of two informal, deviant subcultures of chronic, ex‐psychiatric patients."
What does the author mean when she says "...stone walls do not a prison make, nor iron bars a cage"?
That sometimes people can be imprisoned by the lack of care for them and social outcasting of specific groups.
A social jail so to speak.
235
What is camp Jened?
traditional camp focussed on fulfilling a space where disabled teens could just be teens without stereotypes and constraints
236
In the documentary, why didn't James feel any anxiety about his body at camp Jened?
everyone at the camp had the same things going on with their bodies
237
In the documentary, what was the event that Judy described that made her cry as a child?
A little boy saw her friends pushing her around in a wheelchair and asked if she was sick. It dawned on her that when most people looked at her, they didn’t see “Judy”, they saw “a girl who was sick”.
238
Why wasn't Judy allowed to go to school?
she couldn't walk so she was considered a fire hazard
239
Describe Judy's experience of going to school in grade 4.
the special-ed classes were held in the basement and they didn’t have much communication with anyone outside of their own class.
240
what is the disability hierarchy described in the documentary? who was at the top/bottom?
The people at the top of the hierarchy are those with polio, because they look the most “normal”. People with cerebral palsy were at the bottom.
241
in the documentary, what was the experience of taking everyone for ice cream?
The disability act had not been yet passed in the states so there was no accessible ramps or elevators for disabled persons. The restaurant owners also wouldn’t let the campers come in because of customer complaints that the campers made them feel uncomfortable.
242
How did campers at camp Jened feel about their parents?
too overprotective, and there are lots of things she wants to do and try but they always remind her that she can’t because of her disability
parents are afraid to be seen with a child that is handicapped
been denied the right of privacy
243
What were some issues effecting those with disabilities in the meeting of the group Disabled in Action (DIA)?
exclusion in terms of the structural architecture of the world around them
the word “disabled” was secondary to “person, man or woman”
244
In the documentary, how did the DIA group start?
began to work on deinstitutionalization
245
What was the willowbrook institution?
institution for the severely handicapped; There was about one nurse for every fifty residents
most of the children were sitting on the floor covered in their own feces and wailing in pain
The children were given 3 minutes feeding time
246
9. Why did the antidiscrimination proposal (Section 504) of the Rehabilitation Act of 1972 fail? How did the DIA respond to the decision?
Nixon said the program would cost too much.
the members of the DIA protested in front of the Nixon headquarters. They cut off 4 streets of traffic. They continued to protest for some time after in several areas and demonstrations around New York.
After caving into public pressure, Nixon signs the bill but does nothing to enforce section 504 (non-discrimination laws).
247
In the documentary, what was Denise’s experience of going to the hospital with abdominal pain?
the surgeon automatically ruled that it had to be appendicitis, so her perfectly healthy appendix was removed.
After seeing her regular doctor, he concluded that she in fact has gonorrhea. Denise knew the reason the surgeon had not considered this was because he assumed that someone like her could not be sexually active.
248
In the documentary, what was unique about the Berkeley area?
There was lot of disabled individuals moving here.
| you were free to do whatever and be whatever; there was a lot less judgement than the places he had been/grew up in.
249
Describe the Centre of Independent living.
a care facility run by the handicapped for the handicapped.
They had counsellors, their own call center, transportation, and equipment to fix broken or slow wheelchairs – even the motorized ones!
They helped one another find apartments, apply for federally funded assistance, and so on.
250
How did Denise describe her first time on a motorized wheelchair?
liberating
251
Why did the disability community stage a sit-in at the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare [HEW] headquarters? Describe the sit-in
the head of the HEW department refused to make changes in regulations regarding accessibility for the handicapped.
They ended up storming the office of the regional director. They also stayed overnight. What was supposed a one-night thing turned into a 25-day protest
water and phones were cut off, but they were able to figure out ways to get accommodations they needed
252
In the documentary, why did 22 representatives of the disability advocacy community go to Washington?
to discuss their frustrations directly with the President, seeing as their local leaders were doing nothing to change the legislations in place or truly listen to what these people had to say.
253
Describe the sit in in Washington.
They held a candlelight vigil outside of Cafilano’s house, but he avoided them by sneaking out his side door.
Then, they marched outside the White House. Some of them were still on a hunger strike.
there was a technician strike on most of the new networks so there was hardly any news being broadcasted at all.
Evan White called in a favour from a friend back home, and soon every ABC station across the country was broadcasting the 504 sit-in.
254
in the documentary, why did Corbett say that they were “witnessing each other’s truths” at the sit-in?
they had spent so much time together, learning about one another’s disabilities in experiences in a way that was much different than they ever had before
255
Why did Denise feel that the legal changes were important but insufficient?
You can pass a law, but until you change society’s attitudes, that law won’t mean much
256
Why were disability advocates back fighting with the government in 1980?
the government was looking to repeal certain community programs and funding as a result of budget cuts to better fund the military.
Accessibility was also only available in federally funded buildings.
Most transportation was still not accessible.
Employers could still discriminate against disabled workers, and private businesses did not have to do anything at all if they chose not to.
257
According to Shilling in the textbook, what are body projects?
Ways people adapt, control, or change our bodily characteristics
258
What are the 4 categories of body projects? describe each.
Camouflaging: Hiding your physical characteristics, i.e. makeup
Extending: Making up for, or overcoming one’s physical limitations, i.e. glasses to see better
Adapting: When body parts are taken away or repaired for aesthetic or medical reasons i.e. working out to lose fat/gain muscle
Redesigning: Reconstruction of body in long lasting ways i.e. tattoos, piercings, cosmetic surgeries.
259
What is established femininity according to the textbook?
The dominant construction of what the female body should look like, it can also refer to traditional roles
260
How are tattooed females viewed?
attractive in small amounts but unattractive when too many or too large a tattoo is on the body.
they are also stigmatized, and women are traditionally seen as more promiscuous, less attractive, and as heavy drinkers. With older tattooed women at a higher risk of being deviantized.
261
What is anorexia nervosa & symptoms associated with it?
```
extreme weight loss to the point of emaciation (achieved through restrictive calorie intake or obsessive exercise)
distorted body image
loss of female menstruation
growth of fine white hair over body to keep it warm
yellowing of skin
anemia
heart problems
brain damage
multi-organ failure
```
262
what is the primary prevention of anorexia nervosa?
prevention of eating disorders from starting in the first place, can range from school programs to reduction of unrealistic body standards.
263
what is the secondary prevention of anorexia nervosa?
Identification of those in the early stages of eating disorders, and the stopping of prevention via education.
264
What is treatment for anorexia nervosa?
usually therapy, medications, or support groups. If the condition escalates to severity, then hospitalization will be put into effect.
265
In the Paradis article titled: Obesity” as process: The medicalization of fatness by Canadian researchers
Why was the late 19th century a turning point in the medicalization of ‘fat’?
Food abundance had made it so that not only the rich could afford indulgence, therefore since the lower classes could put on more weight, it was no longer seen as a sign of power or success to be fat, but as a sign of immorality, disease, or greed.
266
In the Paradis article titled: Obesity” as process: The medicalization of fatness by Canadian researchers
Sobal (1995) developed 3 main models of ‘fatness’. What are these models? Define them.
Illness Model: Describes fatness as bad, and medicine being the ultimate solution to said fatness
Moral/Deviance Model: Fat in and of itself was bad to have (when outside of what was deemed socially acceptable)
Demedicalized/political model of fatness: the rejection of the illness model and zeroes in on the rights of said fat people.
267
In the Paradis article titled: Obesity” as process: The medicalization of fatness by Canadian researchers
Why does the author believe that Canadian attitudes would be different from American and French attitudes?
Canadians are not as financially or culturally dominant as the French and USA, as they don’t have the same values.
herefore it would stand to say that even though they have minor French and American influences, their view in and of itself is unique.
268
In the Paradis article titled: Obesity” as process: The medicalization of fatness by Canadian researchers
Research indicates that mothers are often blamed for their children’s weight problems. Why?
Mothers are often seen as the caretakers of the family, and therefore when the child is overweight/unhealthy the mother is blamed for this lack of health the child has.
269
In the Paradis article titled: Obesity” as process: The medicalization of fatness by Canadian researchers
After the author’s extensive review of the medical literature, she concluded that Canadian health professionals have a different take on obesity than Americans. What supported this conclusion?
Canadians have a mild take on the medicalization of fat: their terms are not as extreme or specific to create sub-categories of said medicalization.
Canadians seem to understand the risk of fat, with many papers have shown it as a route for many diseases, as well as a disease in and of itself (in large amounts).
270
How does the ‘medicalization of obesity story’ differ in Canada compared to the US?
Canada is a bit behind in the USA in terms of epidemiology research
Due to Canada’s collectivist attitude, society is seen more at fault than the individual, therefore it is the job of society to fix said issues with obesity.
