Final Anatomy Flashcards by B Q

What is a reflex? (3)

1) does not require cerebral input 2) doesnt imply consciousness. 3) can occur without a rxn

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What is a rxn? (2)

voluntary & requires cortical input

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Give 3 examples of a reaction.

1) Menace response 2)Superficial pain response 3) Deep pain response

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Give 4 examples of a reflex.

1)PLR 2)Withdrawal 3) Panniculus (T2-L2) 4)Cross-extensor (couple more: Perineal, myotactic, palpebral, & corneal reflex)

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What are the nerves that are involved in the PLR reflex? (efferent & afferent)

CN 2 afferent (in) CN 3 is efferent (out)

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What are the nerves involved in the Corneal Reflex? efferent & afferent

CN 5 afferent (in) CN 6 efferent (out)

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What are the nerves involved with the Palpebral reflex? afferent & efferent

CN 5 afferent (in) CN 7 efferent (out)

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What portion of the spinal cord is involved in the Panniculus reflex?

T2-L2

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What nerves are involved in the Menace response? afferent & efferent

CN 2 afferent (in) CN 7 efferent (out)

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Describe the cutaneous truncii reflex. (2)

1) used to detect damage between T2-L4 2)afferent go to spinal cord & run cranially until C8-T1 (efferents) if this section is damaged then signal cannot be processed

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Describe the Perineal reflex.

1) tests the integrity of segments S1-S3 2) tests afferents & efferents of pudendal

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Describe the Myotactic reflex.

1) knee-jerk reflex 2) damage to L4-L6 will eliminate or damage femoral n. that is tested here

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How do you test the deep pain response?

pinch under nail bed and look for a behavioral response (turns around or yelps)

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T/F You only have to damage one ear to produce deafness.

False

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What is conduction deafness?

ear is stuffy, sound cannot get to vestibular window

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What is sensorineural deafness? Who often gets this form of deafness?

The ear cannot transmit the sound to the auditory cortex. Old people usually get this.

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What is the purpose of the vestibular apparatus. What nerve is involved with it?

deals with balance & acceleration. CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)

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What portion of the ear has connection to the emetic center (stimulates vomiting)

the vestibular apparatus

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This reflex occurs via ascending medial longitudinal fasciculus –> CN 3,4,6

Vestibulo-ocular reflex

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In nystagmus the slow phase goes ____ lesion. Another way to look at it is that the fast phase runs ____ lesion.

towards; away

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Describe a peripheral vestibular lesion.

nystagmus is either horizontal or rotary and it DOES NOT change when head position changes

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Describe central vestibular lesion

nystagmus may be horizontal, vertical, or rotary and MAY CHANGE when head position changes

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The ____ reflex is via the medial/lateral vestibulospinal tract.

vestibulocollic reflex

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What occurs with the vestibulocollic reflex?

if there is a unilateral lesion then the head tilts TOWARD lesion

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What occurs with the Vestibulospinal reflex? (via the thalamocortical pathway)

if there is a unilateral lesion then the animal will circle TOWARDS the lesion

What is the retinogeniculate pathway associated with? & where does it go thru?

1) menace response 2) has cortical input 3) goes via lateral geniculate nucleus

What is the retinoprectal pathway associated with? where does it go thru?

1) PLR reflex 2) goes via pretectal nuclei

What is the Retinotectal pathway associated with? where does it go thru?

1) ocular fixation (reflex) 2) goes via rostral colliculi

What is the Retinohypothalamic pathway associated with? where does it go thru?

1) circadian rhythms & startle reflex 2) goes via suprachiasmatic nucleus

What is Horner's syndrome?

1) sympathetic denervation 2) causes drooping of eyelid and miosis (closing of eye) in damaged eye

The following are associated with which motor pathway: - RUBROSPINAL & corticospinal tracts in midbrain - distal flexors

Dorsolateral system

What is the function of the Dorsolateral system?

precise movement, especially in distal limb

The following are associated with which motor pathway: - VESTIBULOSPINAL, RETICULOSPINAL, tectospinal tracts - proximal extensors

Ventromedial system

What is the function of Ventromedial system?

posture & balance & whole limb movements

What are 3 most common UMN signs? To see UMN signs what must be damaged?

1) spastic paresis/paralysis 2) increased reflexes 3) increased muscle tone Due to damage of the WHITE MATTER!

What are the 3 most common LMN signs? To see LMN signs what must be damaged.

1) flaccid paresis/paralysis 2) decreased reflexes 3) decreased muscle tone Due to damage to GREY MATTER!

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

determines rate, range and force or movement

\_\_\_\_ controls motor activity & is regulatory NOT a primary initiator.

Cerebellum

What occurs when things go wrong in the cerebellum?

1) does NOT cause loss of function of paresis 2) ataxia (in-coordination): dysmetria & hypermetria 3) intention tremors 4) truncal sway 5) broad base stance

Exception to Ipsilateral signs: Lesion @ cerebellar peduncle. What happens?

Contralateral body signs & ipsilateral CN signs (Cerebellar peduncle connects cerebellum to brainstem)

What are some reasons why an animal would lack a Menace response?

1) CN 2 or CN7 damaged 2) cerebellar lesion or damaged 3) occipital lobe (cortical blindness)

What is an example of a congenital cerebellar disease? Describe it.

1) Occurs in utero when an ex. is Panleukopenia cats, causes hypoplasia. 2) Clinical signs at birth 3) Occurs in cows & cats.

What is an example of a slowly progressive cerebellar disease? Describe it.

1) Cerebellar abiotrophy. 2) Malformation of cerebellum? Normal @ birth w/ progressive cerebellar ataxia. 3) Occurs in Dogs & horses.

What is the typical order in which things are lost when there is spinal cord damage.

1) conscious proprioception 2) voluntary movement 3) bladder function 4) superficial pain 5) deep pain

The Fasiculus gracilis is associated with the _____ limb.

pelvic

The fasciculus cuneatus is associated with the ____ limb.

thoracic

All information from one side (travels ipsilaterally) reaches _____ somatesthetic cortex.

contralateral

Lesions in the spinal cord = ____ signs.

ipsilateral

What clinical signs would you see with proprioceptive deficits?

gait abnormalities & knuckling

What would you see if you had proprioceptive ataxia? Where could the lesion be?

abnormal postural rxns & paresis. Lesion in peripheral nerve, dorsal root, spinal cord, brainstem, cerebral cortex

What would you see if you had vestibular ataxia? Where would the lesion be?

1) head tilt, leaning/falling/rolling, crouched posture 2) Lesion in vestibular apparatus, vestibular nuclei, CN8

What would you see if you had cerebellar ataxia? Where would the lesion be?

1) wide base stance, intention tremors, truncal sway, absent menace response, exaggerated response 2) lesion in cerebellum

how do you test for proprioceptive defects?

1) wheel barrowing 2) proprioceptive positioning 3) hopping

Describe "A delta fibers"

sharp, pricking pain. these are fast conduction b/c they are myelinated

Describe "C fibers"

burning or throbbing, slow conducting b/c unmyelinated and harder to detect

What kind of structures have C fibers?

visceral

T/F Increased respiratory and HR imply cortical involvement when it comes to pain.

LIES!

\_\_\_\_\_ associated with lateral funiculus. Is discriminate meaning precise location of stimulus is easy to ID. Associated with superficial pain.

Spinocervicothalamic

\_\_\_\_ is associated with ventral and lateral funiculus. It is indiscriminate meaning cannot pinpoint precise location. Associated with deep pain and can activate limbic system through this pathway.

Spinoreticulate

\_\_\_\_ is a neurotransmitter associated with nociceptive pathways

substance P

What is hyperalesia and with what neurotransmitter is it associated with?

1) noxious stimuli produce greater than normal nociceptive activity 2) substance P

What is allodynia and what neurotransmitter is it associated with?

1) non-noxious stimuli activates nociceptors 2) substance P

What are Wide-Dynamic range (WDR) neurons?

respond to both noxious & non-noxious stimuli and is associated with referred pain of visceral organs

How can you prevent Wind-up in animals?

use nerve blocks, aggressive pain management , NMDA inhibitors, and acupuncture.

What is the Gate control theory?

if you rub your booboo after you hit it it stimulates the somatosensory input to the projector neurons closing the "gate" and reducing the perception of pain

What nerves are responsible for the Gag reflex?

CN IX (glossopharyngeal) & CN X (vagus)

What CS would you see in an animal who has a lesion on the Oculomotor n.?

1) lateral strabismus 2) droopy eyelid

What CS would you see in an animal who has a lesion on the Trochlear n.?

Oblique deviation

What CS would you see in an animal who has a lesion on the Abducens n.?

medial strabismus

Which section is the Spinocervicothalamic & which is Spinoreticular? (purple or green)

Purple: Spinocervicothalamic Green: Spinoreticular

Final Anatomy Flashcards

(71 cards)