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ecology final > final (CH 13-19) > Flashcards

final (CH 13-19) Flashcards

(87 cards)

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1
Q

species interaction

A

actions of an entire species towards another species

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2
Q

social interaction

A

actions of one individual to another

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3
Q

predation

A

(+/-). predators and parasitoids. consume prey

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4
Q

predators

A

kill and partially or entirely consume another individual (prey)

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5
Q

parasitoids

A

consume other animals (host) from the inside, eventually killing them

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6
Q

parasitism

A

parasite lives in or on a host, rarely killing it

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7
Q

pathogen

A

parasite that causes a disease

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8
Q

herbivory

A

(+/-). herbivores consume producers, usually do not kill

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9
Q

competition

A

(-/-). interactions with negative effects.

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10
Q

mutualism

A

(+/+). interactions with positive effects for both species

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11
Q

commensalism

A

(+/0). individuals of different species live closely associated, one obtaining a benefit and the other receiving neither a cost nor a benefit

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12
Q

scavengers

A

consume dead animals

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13
Q

detritivores

A

break down dead organic matter and waste products into smaller particles

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14
Q

decomposers

A

break down dead organic matter into simpler compounds and elements that can be recycled in the ecosystem

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15
Q

symbiosis

A

close physical relationship between two organisms

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16
Q

consumers

A

any organism that can’t make its own food, limits the abundance of the populations they consume

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17
Q

producers

A

organisms that make their own food, mostly through photosynthesis

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18
Q

Lotka-Volterra model

A

explains cyclic fluctuations between consumer and consumed, with the consumer always lagging behind the consumed

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19
Q

isocline

A

stable pray or predator population

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20
Q

functional responses

A

depict the relationship between prey density and the rate of predation

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21
Q

crypsis

A

camouflage that matches the background or breaks up the individual outline

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22
Q

aposematism

A

communicating defenses to potential predators using conspicuous colors and patterns

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23
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

some species evolve resemblances to aposematic species while also being distateful

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24
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

mimic species that are not distasteful, but aposematic

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25
endoparasite
parasite that lives in a host, causing harm but rarely killing it
26
prion
pathogenic proteins in the brain
27
protozoan
group of parasites that can cause a variety of diseases, including malaria
28
helminths
roundworms and flatworms
29
ectoparasite
parasites that live on a host, causing harm but rarely killing it. mostly includes insects in animals and roundworms in plants
30
vertical transmission
transmission from parent to offspring
31
horizontal transmission
transmission between members of the same generation
32
vector
organism that a parasite uses to disperse from one host to another
33
intraspecific competition
competition among individuals of the same species
34
interspecific competition
competition among individuals of different species
35
resource
anything that is consumed or used by an individual that increases the growth rate of the population
36
Liebig's law of the minimum
populations are only limited by the single most scarce resource relative to demand
37
competitive exclusion principle
two species cannot coexist indefinitely when they are both limited by the same resource
38
exploitative competition
individuals interact indirectly as they compete for common resources
39
interference competition
one organism physically restricts another organism's access to a resource
40
allelopathy
use of chemicals to interfere with competitors
41
apparent competition
two individuals who do not compete for resources affect each other indirectly by being prey for the same predator
42
specialist mutualism
organisms that interact with one or a few other species
43
generalist mutualism
organisms that interact with many other species
44
obligate mutualism
two species that provide fitness benefits to each other and require each other to persist
45
facultative mutualism
two species who provide fitness benefits to each other, but whose interaction is not critical to the persistence of either species
46
resource acquisition
benefit of a mutualistic relationship. (mycorrhizal fungi and plants, rhizobium bacteria and plants, microbiome in animals)
47
pollination
benefit of mutualism- allows plants to be spread through pollen
48
seed dispersal
benefit of mutualism- allows plants to be spread through seeds
49
community
interactions between populations of species within a common area
50
boundaries of biomes
can be more or less defined
51
ecotones
sharp boundaries between zones. usually have a high diversity of species. sharp change of conditions and of species composition over a relatively short distance
52
independent communities
species in a community that share similar habitat requirements
53
interdependent communities
species in a community that depend on each other
54
species richness
number of species
55
abundance
number of individuals of each species
56
keystone species
affects the structure of a community despite not being very abundant
57
ecosystem engineers
modulate the availability of resources to other species by causing physical state changes in biotic or abiotic materials. modify, maintain, or create habitats
58
food web
all possible feeding relationships among the species of a community
59
food chain
linear representation of species that consume each other
60
trophic levels
help understand food webs with high species richness
61
guilds
group species feeding on similar items within each trophic level
62
trophic cascade
indirect effects initiated by a predator
63
bottom-up control
the abundance of trophic groups is determined by the energy available from producers
64
top-down control
the abundance of trophic groups is determined by the existence of top predators
65
community succession
change in species composition over time
66
pioneer species
first species to colonize an area. good dispersers, fast lifecycle
67
climax community
primary species remaining in an area long-term. good competitors, slow lifecycle
68
facilitation
presence of one species increases the probability of a second species to become established
69
inhibition
the presence of one species decreases the probability of a second species to become established
70
tolerance
the probability of becoming established depends on the ability to disperse and the ability to persist given the local conditions
71
Jaccard's index
used to compare species compositions between two communities
72
primary succession
no plants or initial organic soil
73
secondary succession
no plants but initial organic soil
74
community stability
ability to maintain a certain species composition
75
resistance
how much the community can avoid change after a disturbance
76
resilience
ability to return to the original state after a disturbance
77
alternative stable state
occurs when a community cannot bounce back to its original state after a disturbance
78
NPP
net primary productivity (energy converted into biomass)
79
NPP equation
GPP-respiration
80
GPP
gross primary productivity (energy captured and assimilated)
81
green food web
NPP available for consumers, energy. starts with photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
82
brown food web
recycles dead organic matter. starts with dead organic matter
83
primary productivity
rate at which solar or chemical energy is captured and converted into chemical bonds by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
84
secondary productivity
rate of consumer biomass accumulation in a given area
85
trophic pyramid
represents the amount of energy or biomass in each trophic level
86
ecological efficiency
percentage of net production from one trophic level to the next
87
residence times
track the time energy and biomass remaining in a given trophic level

ecology final (1 decks)

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