Final Chapter 1 Review Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
Structural Organization of Body:
What is the Chemical Level?
A
Atoms for Molecules
2
Q
Structural Organization of Body:
What is the Cellular Level?
A
Molecules form Cells
3
Q
Structural Organization of the Body:
What is the Tissue Level?
A
Similar Cells make up Tissues.
4
Q
Structural Organization of the Body:
What is the Organ Level?
A
Tissues make up Organs
5
Q
Structural Organization of Body:
What is the Organ System Level?
A
Organs that work closely together.
6
Q
Structural Organization of the Body:
Organismal Level
A
All Organ Systems together.
7
Q
Put the Structural Organizations of the Body in Order:
A
Chemical Level > Cellular Level > Tissue Level > Organ Level > Organ System Level > Organismal Layer
8
Q
The sural region is ___________________ to the femoral region.
A
Inferior
9
Q
The gluteal region is best seen from the __________________ view.
A
Posterior View
10
Q
On the anterior surface of the body which region is distal to the antebrachial region?
A
Palm of Hand
11
Q
Which plane divides the body into right and left halves?
A
Sagittal
12
Q
Which plane divides the body into (equal) left and right parts?
A
Midsagittal
13
Q
Which plane divides the body into (unequal) right and left parts?
A
Parasagittal
14
Q
What divides the body into superior and inferior parts?
A
Transverse
15
Q
What plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
A
Frontal
16
Q
What plane passes through the body or organ at an angle?
A
Oblique
17
Q
The muscular partition that separates the abdominal cavity from the
pelvic cavity is the ______________?
A
There is no true separation
18
Q
What 2 cavities make up the Dorsal Body Cavity?
A
- Cranial
2. Vertebral
19
Q
What cavity encase brain and is enclosed by skull?
A
Cranial Cavity
20
Q
What cavity encases spinal chord and is enclosed by the vertebrae?
A
Vertebral Cavity
21
Q
What 2 cavities make up the ventral cavity?
A
- Thoracic Body Cavity
2. Abdominopelvic Body Cavity
22
Q
What cavity is enclosed by the ribs, sternum and vertebrae; houses the lungs and heart?
A
Thoracic Body Cavity
23
Q
What Cavity is enclosed by muscular digestive organs, kidneys, bladder and internal male and female reproductive organs?
A
Abdominopelvic Cavity
24
Q
What cavities in the thoracic cavity hold the lungs?
A
2 Pleural Cavities
25
What is the region between the 2 pleural cavities?
Mediastinum
26
What cavity in the mediastinum holds the heart?
Pericardial Cavity
27
What cavity contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and gall bladder?
Abdominal Cavity
28
What cavity contains portions of large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum?
Pelvic Cavity
29
The bladder is typically found in the _____________ region of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Hypogastric
30
The lungs are surrounded by a double layered serous membrane to prevent friction and aid in protection. What is the name of this membrane?
Pleura
31
Walls of ventral cavity and outer surface of
organs are covered by thin, double layered
membrane called?
Serous Membrane
32
What layer of serous membrane adheres to the cavity wall?
Parietal Layer
33
What layer of serous membrane adheres to outside surface of the organ?
Visceral Layer
34
What separates 2 layers of serous membrane and allows organs to glide past each other without friction?
Serous Fluid
35
What serous membrane surrounds the pleural cavity and the lungs?
Pleura
36
What Serous Membrane surrounds the pericardial cavity and heart?
Pericardium
37
What surrounds the abdominal cavity and the abdominal organs?
Peritoneum
38
A patient has suffered a heart attack. In order to determine which vessels were occluded to cause the attack which scan would be the most useful?
Digital subtraction angiograph
39
X-rays passing through the body onto film, Shows bony or dense structures with
hazy soft tissues.
Radiography
40
Before and after imaging of radio-opaque dye passing through arteries and veins?
Digital Subtraction Angiography
41
Computer assisted radiography in which x-rays are directed in many different angles around a section of the body; Visualizes soft tissues and can render a 3-D image when put together with a computer.
Computed Tomography
42
Uses sound waves reflected of body tissues to produce images; Safe, non-invasive way to visualize fetuses during pregnancy?
Sonography (Ultra-sound)
43
Body is exposed to a high-energy magnetic field that arranges protons in the body in relation to the field. A pulse of radio waves “reads” these ion
patterns which can be observed as color-coded patterns on a video monitor; Shows soft tissues,
brain, blood vessels, and tumors using no radiation.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
44
Body is injected with positrons (positively charged
particles) and it is taken up by tissues. The collision of positrons with negatively charged electrons produces gamma rays which are picked up by gamma ray cameras to produce a PET image; good for showing high rates of activity: oxygen consumption, metabolism.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
45
What are the 4 major tissue types?
1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscle Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue
46
What is the study of tissues?
Histology
47
The tissue type that covers external body surfaces, lines the inside of organs and cavities, and forms glands is ________________.
Epithelial Tissues
48
What tissue is sheets of compact cells in single or multiple layers?
Epithelium
49
Cells have 2 sides... What is the Apical side?
Free side of cells (top)
50
What is the basal surface of cells?
Bottom side
51
What cell surface attaches sides of cells to
| adjacent cells?
Lateral surface
52
What does the basement membrane of epithelial tissue connect to underneath?
Connective Tissue
53
What kind of junction:
Connect cells to adjacent cells to prevent things
from getting through?
Tight Junctions
54
What kind of junction:
| Tunnel connects cells to allow passage from one cell to another?
Gap Junctions
55
What kind of junction:
Attaches cells with an adhesion belt to resist
separation?
Adherens Junctions
56
What kind of junction:
| Cell to cell spot adhesion to prevent separation?
Desmosomes
57
What kind of junction?
| Cell to Basement membrane; do not attach cell to cell?
Hemidesmosomes
58
What proteins do Tight Junctions have?
Occludins
59
What proteins do Gap Junctions have?
Connexins
60
What protein does Adherens Junctions have?
Cadherins
61
What proteins do Desmosomes have?
Cadherins
62
What proteins to Hemidemosomes have?
Integrins
63
Where are Tight Junctions Found?
1.
2.
1. Bladder
| 2. Stomach
64
Where are Gap Junctions found?
1.
2.
3.
1. Nerves
2. Cardiac Muscle
3. Uterus
65
Where are Adherens Junctions Found?
Intestines
66
Where are Desmosomes found?
1.
2.
1. Epidermis
| 2. Cardiac Muscle
67
Where are Hemidesmosomes found?
Basal Cells
68
Epithelial Tissues are:
1.
2.
1. Avascular
| 2. Innervated
69
Produce and secrete hormones directly into the extra-cellular space and/or blood stream : Internal Secretions.
Endocrine
70
Secrete products directly into ducts: External Secretions.
Exocrine
71
What mode of secretion uses exocytosis?
Merocrine/Eccrine
72
What mode of secretion, the whole cell ruptures?
Holocrine
73
What mode of secretion pinches off a piece of cell?
Apocrine
74
Which of these is not a connective tissue?
a. Adipose tissue
b. Bone
c. Blood
d. All of these are connective tissue
All of these are connective tissue
75
Connective tissue fibers that are smaller, branched fibers that form networks and are capable of extreme stretch are ________ fibers. a. Muscle
b. Collagen
c. Reticular
d. Elastic
e. Auricular
Elastic
76
In which of the following structures would you find reticular tissue?
a. Tendons
b. Lymph organs
c. Subcutaneous layer of the skin
d. Adipose tissue
e. Lungs
Lymph Organs
77
What is the most abundant and widespread tissue in the body?
Connective Tissue
78
What 2 cells does connective tissue contain?
1.
2.
1. Mesenchymal Cells
| 2. Blast cells
79
What cells give rise to cells of Connective Tissue?
Mesenchymal cells
80
What immature cells that can divide and also excrete extracellular matrix for that specific tissue?
Blast Cells
81
```
What are the 5 functions of Connective Tissue?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
```
1. Binds/supports/strengthens other tissue
2. Protects and insulates organs
3. Compartmentalizes skeletal muscles
4. Stores energy
5. Major Transport System
82
What adds strength and support to connective tissue?
Fibers
83
What are 3 types of fibers in Connective Tissue?
1. Collagen
2. Elastic
3. Reticular
84
What fibers are very strong and resist pulling forces?
Collagen Fibers
85
What fibers are smaller branched fibers that form networks?
Elastic Fibers
86
What fibers are smaller collagen fibers arranged in fine, branched bundles?
Reticular Fibers
87
What kind of fibers are found in most types of CT but abundant in bones, cartilage and tendons?
Collagen Fibers
88
What kind of fibers are found in skin, blood vessel walls, lung tissue?
Elastic Fibers
89
What fibers provide support in the walls of blood vessels and underlying organs?
Reticular Fibers
90
What substance is liquid, gel or solid substance found between the cells and fibers that
is the medium through which substances are exchanged in Connective Tissue?
Ground Substance
91
Connective Tissue is highly __________ and ___________.
Vascularized and Innervated
92
What embryonic Connective Tissue is eventually forms all other connective tissues?
Mesenchyme
93
What are 3 types of loose Connective Tissue?
1. Areolar
2. Adipose
3. Reticular
94
What type of loose connective tissue found under epithelium?
Areolar
95
What type of loose connective tissue found in fat?
Adipose
96
What type of loose connective tissue is found in lymphatics?
Reticular
97
What are 3 types of Dense Connective Tissue?
1. Dense Regular
2. Dense Irregular
3. Elastic
98
What Dense Connective Tissue is found in tendons/ligaments?
Dense Regular
99
What kind of Dense Connective Tissue is found in dermis?
Dense Irregular
100
What kind of Dense Connective Tissue is found in lungs?
Elastic
101
Which of the following is not one of the four primary tissue types?
a. Muscle
b. Epithelial
c. Blood
d. Nervous
e. Connective
C. Blood
102
Which epithelial type junction contains plaques that bind to intermediate cytoskeletal filaments and attach the plaque on the opposite side of the cell at one point?
a. Desmosomes
b. Hemidesmosomes
c. Adhering junctions
d. Gap junctions
a. Desmosomes
103
```
The epithelial lining of the bladder needs to be capable of extreme
stretch during filling. What type of epithelium would you predict to find
here?
a. Transitional epithelium
b. Cuboidal epithelium
c. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. None of the above
```
a. Transitional epithelium
104
Simple squamous epithelium is best for regions responsible for ______.
a. Stretching
b. Wear and tear
c. Absorption and secretion
d. Diffusion and filtration
e. All of the above
d. Diffusion and filtration
105
```
Simple squamous epithelium is found lining each of these locations
except the ________________.
a. Blood vessels
b. Esophagus
c. Alveoli
d. Lymph vessels
e. Simple squamous epithelium is found lining all of the above
structures
```
b. Esophagus
106
```
The type of epithelium that lines the ducts of glands is called
_______________ epithelium.
a. Transitional
b. Pseudostratified
c. Simple squamous
d. Stratified squamous
e. Simple Cuboidal
```
e. Simple Cuboidal
107
```
Non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium would be found lining
_________________.
a. Ducts of sweat glands
b. Alveoli
c. GI tract
d. Vagina
e. Blood vessels
```
c. GI tract
108
Which of the following glands secretes its product by pinching off parts
of the cell filled with their components?
a. Merocrine
b. Holocrine
c. Apocrine
d. Endocrine
e. None of the above
c. Apocrine
109
Which of these is not a connective tissue?
a. Adipose tissue
b. Bone
c. Blood
d. All of these are connective tissue
d. All of these are connective tissue
110
Connective tissue fibers that are smaller, branched fibers that form
networks and are capable of extreme stretch are ________ fibers.
a. Muscle
b. Collagen
c. Reticular
d. Elastic
e. Auricular
d. Elastic
111
In which of the following structures would you find reticular tissue?
a. Tendons
b. Lymph organs
c. Subcutaneous layer of the skin
d. Adipose tissue
e. Lungs
b. Lymph organs
112
Which of the following is an example of an intracapsular ligament of the knee?
a. Medial patellar retinaculum
b. Patellar ligament
c. Popliteal ligament
d. Posterior cruciate ligament
e. Medial collateral ligament
d. Posterior cruciate ligament
113
Synovial fluid is ______________________ .
a. Produced by the synovial membrane
b. Found inside the joint cavity
c. Aids in lubricating the joint
d. Product of blood plasma
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
114
Hyaline cartilage would be found in which of the following places?
a. External ear
b. Epiglottis
c. Intervertebral discs
d. Costal cartilages
e. Pubic symphysis
d. Costal cartilages
115
Which of the following is a function of bone?
a. Electrical conduction
b. Cholesterol production
c. Fat production
d. Mineral storage
e. Body temperature regulation
d. Mineral storage
116
```
In which of the following places would you find hematopoetic tissue in
an infant?
a. Yellow marrow of the femur
b. Red marrow of the humerus
c. Yellow marrow of the sternum
d. None of the above
e. All of the above
```
b. Red marrow of the humerus
117
The structure of the compact bone made up of rings that surround the
entire compact bone is called the _______________ .
a. Concentric lamellae
b. Circumferential lamellae
c. Central canal
d. Canaliculi
e. Lacunae
b. Circumferential lamellae
118
```
Lacunae contain ____________.
• Spongy bone
• Osteocytes
• Blood vessels
• Blood vessels and nerves
• Osteoclasts
```
• Osteocytes
119
```
Nerves and nutrients enter bone tissue directly from the periosteum
through _________________.
a. Canaliculi
b. Osteons
c. Haversian canals
d. Volkman's canals
```
d. Volkman's canals
120
Which of the following stimulates bone growth?
a. IGF-1
b. Estrogen
c. Testosterone
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
d. All of the above
121
```
This region of the spinal cord consists of 7 vertebrae and has a convex
curvature.
a. Cervical
b. Thoracic
c. Lumbar
d. Sacrum
e. Coccyx
```
a. Cervical
122
```
Which bones comprise the pelvic girdle?
Scapula, clavicle and humerus
Coxal bone and femur
Scapula and clavicle
Coxal bones
Ilium and femur
```
Coxal bones
123
At C7 of the vertebral column there is a bony protuberance due to the long spinous process. What is this called?
a. Atlas
b. Axis
c. Vertebral prominens
d. Articular facet
e. Bifid process
c. Vertebral prominens
