Final Chapters

Question 1

Cryptobiosis

Answer 1

Tardigrades

Suspended animation

Question 2

Onychorphora

Answer 2

Phyla mixed Arthropoda and annelids

Walking worms

Question 3

Nematomorpha

Answer 3

Horsehair worms 
Adults lack digestive system
Freshwater
Parasitic on insect
Larva infects partenic host
Partenic host eaten

Question 4

Priapulida

Answer 4

Marine
Chitin cuticle
Abundant fossils in Burgess Shale

Question 5

Nematoda (general traits)

Answer 5

Classification closer to arthropods
**amphids: chemosensory organ
Diffusion gas exchange
Hard cuticle "head"
Ganglia "brain" 
   -Anterior nerve cluster
Ocelli for light detection

Question 6

Nematoda (reproduction)

Answer 6

Sexual
Sperm is amoeboid not flagellated
Chromosome dimunation
  -only gonads retain all genetic material
Eutely growth:
  -keep a certain number of cells
   Growth as cells get larger
4 juvenile molts
Immature resemble adults

Question 7

Ascaris lumbridiodes

Answer 7

Parasitic nematode
Intestine -> blood -> lungs -> pharynx -> stomach -> egg in feces

Lung damage
Intestinal blockage

Question 8

Wucheria bancrofti

Answer 8

Parasitic nematode
Filarial (threadlike)
Matures in lymph nodes -> microfilariae in blood stream -> mosquito vector -> hatch in mosquito -> juveniles infect host

Elaphantitus

Question 9

Dirifilaria immitis

Answer 9

Parasitic nematode

Dog heartworm
Do not survive in humans well
Mosquito vector

Question 10

Dracunculus medinesis

Answer 10

Parasitic nematode

Female sticks end out of skin -> freshwater larvae -> intermediate host on copepods -> ingested untreated water

Question 11

C. Elegans

Answer 11

Beneficial nematode

Used for protein studies

Question 12

Steinernema

Answer 12

Beneficial Parasitic nematode

Infects insect pests

Question 13

Gastrotricha

Answer 13

Phyla uncertain affiliation

Marine/freshwater
Herbivore/detrivore
Parthogenic reproduction

Swamp/marsh

Question 14

Cycliphoria

Answer 14

Phyla uncertain affiliation

Only found on lobster mouth

Question 15

Chaetognatha

Answer 15

Phyla uncertain affiliation

Arrow worms
Marine
Planktonic
Fins spines for prey feeding
Developed nervous system
Hermaphrodites

Question 16

Lophophorate

Answer 16

Lophophore:
-rigid tissue around mouth w/ 1-2 rows cilliated tentacles for respiration and food

All coelomates

Sessile suspension feeders on plankton

Question 17

Branchiopoda

Answer 17

Lophophorate

-looks like clam/bivalve

Articulate and inarticulate

Question 18

Articulate Branchiopoda

Answer 18

Lophophorate

Free floating
75% Branchiopoda
Calcium carbonate shell
Held together by tooth and socket

Question 19

Inarticulate Branchiopoda

Answer 19

Lophophorate

Attached Branchiopoda
Attached to pedicle or stalk
Shell of calcium phosphate
Held together by muscles

Question 20

Bryozoa

Answer 20

Lophophorate

**module
Formed colonies from asexual reproduction

Question 21

Phylactolmaemata

Answer 21

Lophophorate

Class
Freshwater Bryozoa

Chitin cover
**staloblast: resistant structure

Question 22

Echinoderm (general characteristic)

Answer 22

Deuterostome

Larvae: bilateral sym
Adult: radial sym

Water vascular system
Sieve plate
Tube feet
Internal calcareous skeleton

Question 23

Echinoderm (reproduction)

Answer 23

Sexually

Multiple gonads
(Starfish have gonads in each arm)

External fertilization

Ciliated larvae

Question 24

Crinoidea

Answer 24

Class of echinoderm

Sea lilies
Oldest group
Has stalk
Extended **pinules** in water for feeding
Tube feet not for locomotion
Attached or swimming

Question 25

Stelleroidea

Answer 25

Class of echinoderm ``` Brittle stars/sea stars **pedicellariae**: jaw like appendage Top predator Appendage can break off for evasion Harmful to reefs 2 stomachs -cardiac stomach: everted to digest prey ```

Question 26

Echinoidea

Answer 26

Class of echinoderm Sea urchin/sand dollar Calcareous plates joined spherical shell **aristotles lantern**: system of plates and muscles in urchins -Protruded to scrape algae or grind mollusk

Question 27

Holothuroidea

Answer 27

Class of echinoderm Sea cucumber Worm shape body Flexible lack of calcareous plates Taste bad

Question 28

Hemichordata

Answer 28

Phylum ``` Sister group to echinoderm *deuterostome Marine Gill slits and nerve chord No: notochord or true tail Live in benthic tube descendent of extinct **graptolites ```

Question 29

Xenoturbella

Answer 29

Phyla No organs Found only coasts of Scotland/Sweden

Question 30

Non-vertebrate chordates (general characteristics)

Answer 30

Big 4 chordate characteristics: - notochord - nerve chord - gill slits - postanal tail Contains all 3 germ layers

Question 31

Urochordata

Answer 31

Subphylum of non-vert chordates ``` Tunicates No parasitic species *marine No fossil record Sessile filter feed Only larva have chordate characteristics ^^^tadpoles ```

Question 32

Cephalochordata

Answer 32

Subphylum of non-vert chordates Lancelets *marine coastal Adults have all 4 characteristics **closest relative to vertebrates

Question 33

Tardigrades

Answer 33

Water bears | Chitin cuticle