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Chemistry > FINAL CHEM > Flashcards

FINAL CHEM Flashcards

1
Q

Organic compound

A
  • Carbon & Hydrogen
  • Atoms O,P,S,N or Halogens
  • Covalent Bonds
  • Non polar, not soluble, less dense than water, low melting and boiling, high flammability weak attraction
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2
Q

Global Warming

A
  • The rise of the average temperature in Earth climate
  • Caused by the increased concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere
  • Produced by burning of fossil fuels from petroleum
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3
Q

Eolic Wind

A
  • Kinetic energy of air in movement
  • Turns into electric energy
  • By wind turbine
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4
Q

Tidal Waves

A
  • Kinetic energy of ocean waves
  • Passes thru axial turbines
  • Generate energy
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5
Q

Solar Energy

A
  • Solar Radiation
  • Collected by photovoltaic cells in sola panels
  • Generate electricity
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6
Q

Nuclear Energy

A
  • Exothermic nuclear reactions
  • performed in nuclear reactors
  • Turn water into steam
  • Generate electricity
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7
Q

Geothermal

A 
- Underground heat 
Obtained in hotspots
- Generates water vapor
- Passed thru a steam turbine 
- Generate electricity
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8
Q

Hydroelectric

A
  • Kinetic energy of falling water
  • Converted into electricity
  • By hydraulic turbines in large dams
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9
Q

Biomass

A
  • Biological material derived from living things
  • Via combustion
  • Produce heat in a furnace
  • Converting it into various forms of biocells
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10
Q

Hydrocarbons

A
  • Organic compounds of Hydrogen & Carbons
  • Can be saturated
  • Can be unsaturated
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11
Q

Alkanes

A
  • Saturated hydrocarbons

- Single bonds

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12
Q

Alkenes

A
  • Unsaturated hydrocarbons

- Double bonds

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13
Q

Alkynes

A
  • Unsaturated hydrocarbons

- Triple bonds

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14
Q

Open Chain

A
  • Hydrocarbons where the end carbons are separated
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15
Q

Cyclic

A
  • Hydrocarbons where the carbon atoms form a ring or closed chain
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16
Q

Aromatic

A
  • Hydrocarbons that contain benzene ring

- Ring of 6 carbon alternating double and single bonds.

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17
Q

Alcohol

A

C-OH

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18
Q

Carboxylic Acid

A

-COOH

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19
Q

Amine

A

-NH-

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20
Q

Ketone

A

-C=O

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21
Q

Aldehyde

A

CH=O

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22
Q

Halocarbon

A

-X

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23
Q

Ether

A

C-O-C

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24
Q

Ester

A

C-O-C
II
O

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25
Q

Amide

A

C=NH2
II
O

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26
Q

Polyethene PE

A
  • Plastic bags, Bottles, Film wrap

- RECYCLABLE

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27
Q

Polypropylene PP

A
  • Bottle caps, Furniture, Carpets

- RECYCLABLE

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28
Q

Polystyrene PS

A
  • Disposable cups, Coolers, Package beans

- NON RECYCLABLE

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29
Q

Polyurethane PU

A
  • Foams for insulators, Jogging shoes, Seats

- NON RECYCLABLE

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30
Q

Polycarbonate PC

A
  • Electronic devices, CD´s, goggles

- NON RECYCLABLE

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31
Q

Polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE

A
  • Pan coating, Plumbers tape, Packaging tape

- NON RECYCLABLE

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32
Q

Poly vinyl chloride PVC

A
  • ID cards, Floor tiles, Water pipes

- NON RECYCLABLE

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33
Q

Polyamide (nylon)

A
  • Fishing nets, Ropes, Fabrics for clothes

- NON RECYCLABLE

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34
Q

Polyethylene Terephthalate PET

A
  • Plastic bottles, Packaging materials, synthetic fabrics

- RECYCLABLE

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35
Q

Melamine/fornica

A
  • Kitchen countertops, Furniture, Jewerly

- NON RECYCLABLE

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36
Q

Monosaccharide

A
  • Monomer of carbohydrates

- Glucose, Galactose, Fructose

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37
Q

Disaccharide

A
  • Two monosaccharides together

- Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose

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38
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A
  • Name of bond between the disaccharide
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39
Q

Polysaccharide

A
  • Many monosaccharide together

- Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

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40
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A
  • Provide energy
  • Store energy
  • Supply carbon for cell components
  • Structural elements of some tissues
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41
Q

Fatty acids

A

the building block for all the saponifiable lipids

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42
Q

Ester bonds

A

joins the parts of the fatty acids

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43
Q

ESTUDIAR

TRIGLYCERIDE, WAX, PHOSPHOGLYCERIDE, STEROID

A

ver foto

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44
Q

Functions of lipids

A
  • Long term storage of energy
  • Protective wax coatings
  • Insulation against low temperature
  • Structural components of cellular membrane
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45
Q

Amino acids

A
  • Monomer that form proteins
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46
Q

Peptide linkage

A
  • Bond between two of amino acids
47
Q

VER ESTRUCTURA DE AMINO GROUP, ALPHA, ETC

A

libreta

48
Q

Function of proteins

A
  • Catalytic (enzymes)
  • Structural storage
  • Protective against viruses (antibodies)
  • Regulatory (hormones)
  • Nerve impulse transmission
  • Movement of muscles
  • Transport molecules (oxygen, glucose)
49
Q

checar lo de las structures

A

en la libreta

50
Q

Characteristics of bioplastics

A
  • Are synthetic polymers (man made)

- Biodegradable and made of natural renewable materials

51
Q

Biodegradability

A
  • Capacity of a material to disintegrate in presence of (bacteria, fungi, algae)
  • Transforming it in 3 eco friendly products
  • Biomass, CO2 & H2O
52
Q

Advantages of bioplastics vs conventional plastics

A

Use renewable raw materials

  • Easily biodegradable
  • Produce only non-toxic residues
  • Reduce pollution
  • Save energy in the production process
53
Q

Starch bioplastic

A
  • Polysaccharide produced by plants as an energy storage, contained in potatoes, grains
  • Packaging peanuts, ironing clothes, containers, bags
54
Q

Cellulose bioplastic

A
  • Polysaccharide, main support for trees and other plants.
  • Found in wood, cotton.
  • Toys, sports equipment, decoration, furniture, car interiors, constructions
55
Q

Polylatic acid (PLA)

A
  • Polyester of lactic acid, produced via fermentation of glucose (sugar cane, potato)
  • Packaging (yogurt, food containers), textures (t-shirts, furnitures)
56
Q

Bio-PE

A
  • Bio-polyethylene obtained from sugar cane, based on the dehydration of ethanol
  • Packaging, grocery bags, trash bags, food wrap
57
Q

Bio-PET

A
  • Bio-polyethylene terephthalate obtained from biomass

- Light, thin bottles from water or soda.

58
Q

Biomimetics

A
  • Imitation models, systems and elements of nature to solve complex problems of the society.
59
Q

Biology to design

A
  • Requires gathering relevant biological knowledge and the identify the problem and apply it
  • Box fish shape inspired on bionic car
60
Q

Design to biology

A
  • First needs designers/engineers to identify problems to find organisms that have solved similar issues.
  • Lotusan paint imitates lotus flower (self cleaning)
61
Q

Organism

A
  • Speedo swimsuits imitates shark´s skin scales shape
62
Q

Behavior

A
  • Solar panels that move face the sun imitates sunflowers
63
Q

Ecosystems

A
  • Landscape architecture imitates the forest
64
Q

Carbon fibers

A
  • Long thin strand of material about 5-10 wm(micrometers) in diameter and composed of disorderly arrangement of carbon atoms in ribbons of hexagonal patterns
65
Q

Properties of carbon fibers

A
  • High tensile strength
  • High stiffness
  • Light weight
  • High corrosion resistance
  • Low thermal expansion
  • High temperature tolerance
  • Good conductor of electricity
66
Q

Composite materials

A

Combination of carbon fibers with other materials reinforce these.
- C.F with plastic polymers, with concrete, etc

67
Q

applications of products of carbon fibers

A
  • Aerospace, aircraft equipment
  • Automobile parts
  • Energy production
  • Sports equipment
  • Construction
  • Medical applications
  • Electronic devices
  • Musical instruments
68
Q

Nanotechnology

A
  • Manipulation of matter at an atomic and molecular level (nanometric scale) to improve the properties and production processes of materials and products.
69
Q

milimetric scale

A
  • Termites
  • Fingernail width
  • Grain of salt
70
Q

Micrometric scale

A
  • Pollen grain
  • Carbon fibers
  • Red blood cells
  • Bacteria
71
Q

Nanometric scale

A
  • DNA helix
  • Carbon allotropes
  • Glucose molecule
72
Q

Diamond

A
  • Form of pure carbon with each atom bonded to 4 each other atoms
  • Organized rigidly in a crystal lattice structure
  • Incredibly hard and great conductor of heat
  • CHECAR STRUCTURE
73
Q

Graphite

A
  • Form of pure carbon with a structure in parallel layers of carbons bonded in hexagonal grids, layers weakly bonded to each other
  • Soft material, good lubricants and pencil mines
  • CHECAR STRUCTURE
74
Q

Graphene

A
  • Flat, one atom thick layer of carbon atoms bonded in hexagonal patterns
  • Excellent electrical conductor, colorless, flexible, resistant and lightweight material
  • CHECAR STRUCTURE
75
Q

Fullerene

A
  • Hollow ellipsoid or sphere
  • Made of carbon atoms in hexagonal pattern.
    Can be used as drugs delivery vessels and microscope tips.
  • CHECAR STRUCTURE
76
Q

Carbon nanotubes

A
  • Hollow cylinders, 1-2 mm diameter, consisting of carbon atoms in hexagonal patterns.
  • Single or multi walled
  • Light, very strong, excellent electrical conductors
  • CHECAR STRUCTURE
77
Q

Application of nanotechnology

A
  • Environmental care
  • Energy production and storage
  • Health care
  • Food preservation
  • Textile cleaning
  • Construction materials
  • Electronic cosmetics
78
Q

Cleaning agents

A
  • Acidic: strong inorganic acids
  • Alkaline: strong bases such as sodium or potassium hydroxide and bleach, ammonia, soap
  • Neutral: alcohols such as isopropyl alcohol, ethylic alcohols and ethers used as solvents
79
Q

How soap is made?

A
  • By saponification reaction, in which triglycerides reacts with a strong base to produce glycerol and salts of fatty acids, known as soap
80
Q

How soap cleans oily stains and other organic substances

A
  • Soap molecules can form micelles which encircle and trap the oily particles by using their hydrophobic tails that are attracted to oil
  • The hydrophilic tails are soluble in water and then rinsed away
81
Q

Effects of synthetic cleaning agents in the envinronment

A
  • After aquatic animals development
  • Bioaccumulation
  • Eutrophication of lakes and rivers
  • Respiratory issues
  • Skin burns
  • Eye, nose and throat irritation
  • Headache, dizziness, nausea and organs damage
82
Q

Natural ingredients of green cleaning

A
  • Baking soda: replaces alkaline cleaners, regulate pH
  • Vinegar: replaces acid cleaner, kills germs
  • Lemon juice: degreaser
  • Citrus seed & vegetable oils: natural solvents
  • Beeswax: lubricant, conditioner, polish
83
Q

4 r´s

A
  • Reduce: actions in lower consumption
  • Reuse: using products repeatedly
  • Recycle: transforming waste in materials that can be reprocessed into something
  • Recover: recuperate energy from waste
84
Q

Municipal solid waste

A
  • Better known as TRASH
  • Everyday object used and thrown away by homes and buildings
  • As furnitures, food wraps, etc.
85
Q

Special/Industrial Waste

A
  • Waste produced by industrial process
  • That are NOT HAZARD
  • As machinery oil, car and parts, fuel, molten plastic, chemicals, etc
86
Q

Composting

A
  • Organic matter are dedcomposed by microorganisms and form a material rich in nutrients for agriculture or gardening
87
Q

Incineration

A
  • Burn combustile waste can highly reduce waste volume, in addition to the heat obtained which can be recovered and used as an energy source
  • Requiers filters to prevent contaminating from gases escaping into the atmosphere
88
Q

Landfill

A
  • Is a special dug hole designed to concentrate and contain debris without causing problems to health or environment
  • The volume of waste is reduced and covered with soil to prevent pests and leaks.
89
Q

Confinement

A
  • Hazardous waste must be isolated and confined in appropriate facilities for a sufficient period until it no longer poses a threat
90
Q

Renewable resources

A
  • Replenished rapidly by nature once used

- Trees, wild animals, fresh water

91
Q

Nonrenewable resources

A
  • Exists in a fixed amount and took long to replenish

- Minerals, Fossil fuels

92
Q

Perpetual resources

A
  • Will never be completed depleted or used up

- Wind, solar energy

93
Q

Ecological services nature

A
  • Natural processes support life and Earth´s systems, the utilization of natural resources to obtain biologic and ecologic benefit
94
Q

Economic services nature

A
  • Substances, organisms and processes of nature that support human economy
95
Q

Ecological services water

A
  • Hydrate the living things, sustain aquatic ecosystems, control global climate
96
Q

Economic services water

A
  • Generate hydropower, grow crops in farms, recreational aquatic parks and swimming pools
97
Q

Ecological services forest

A
  • Absorb CO2, generate oxygen, provide home and food for wildlife and reduce temperature
98
Q

Economic services forest

A
  • Wood, rubber, paper, medicines, camping resorts and recreation
99
Q

Monoculture agriculture

A
  • The practice of producing or growing a single crop species every season
  • This type of agriculture increases yields in planting and harvest, but leads to quicker build up of pests, diseases and depletes soils nutrients, needing extensive fertilization.
100
Q

Over drafting

A
  • Process of extracting groundwater beyond the safe equilibrium yield of the acquifier, this practice can effectively dry up certain sub surfaces water supplies or reduce drastically their capacity
101
Q

Agriculture

A
  • Global warming
  • Soil and water pollution
  • Soil degradation
  • Acquifiers depletion
  • Waste generation
  • Deforestation
102
Q

Forestry

A
  • Deforestation
  • Degradation of vegetation
  • Nutrients imbalance
  • Flooding
  • Soil erosion
  • Animal displacement
  • Loss of habitats and biodiversity
  • Climate change
103
Q

Industralization

A
  • Generates pollution in all kinds
  • Global warmings
  • Leads to overcomnsumption of energy and raw materials
  • Fragments habitats
  • Forced migration
  • Extensive land use
104
Q

Urbanization

A
  • Pollution
  • Waste generation
  • Loss of productive farmland
  • Increases energy demand
  • Alters climate
  • Modifies hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles
  • Fragments habitats
  • Reduce biodiversity
105
Q

Migration

A
  • Humans have spread to almost all areas and climates on planet
106
Q

Agriculture

A
  • Has helped to produce more food and resources
107
Q

Better sanitation and health practices

A
  • Increases birth rate and decreases mortality rate
108
Q

How demographic growth affects

A
  • Increase demand of natural resources which are often overexploited because the needs of resources exceeds the biocapacity to provide them
  • Causes pollution, habitats roots, habitat loss, ecosystem alteration and contributes to climate changes
109
Q

SuStainability

A
  • To live and develop the way that satisfies the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
110
Q

Ecological

A
  • Actions should have lowest possible adverse effect on the environment
111
Q

Social

A
  • Actions should respect fair trade, human rights and meet the needs of the people involved
112
Q

Economic

A
  • Actions should produce a profit, economic growth, save costs and compete effectively in the global marketplace
113
Q

Ecological footprint

A
  • Measure of the human impact on Earth´s ecosystems, calculated as how much land and water are used to supply resources and absorb wastes of a person

Chemistry (5 decks)

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