FINAL CHEM Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Organic compound
A
- Carbon & Hydrogen
- Atoms O,P,S,N or Halogens
- Covalent Bonds
- Non polar, not soluble, less dense than water, low melting and boiling, high flammability weak attraction
2
Q
Global Warming
A
- The rise of the average temperature in Earth climate
- Caused by the increased concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere
- Produced by burning of fossil fuels from petroleum
3
Q
Eolic Wind
A
- Kinetic energy of air in movement
- Turns into electric energy
- By wind turbine
4
Q
Tidal Waves
A
- Kinetic energy of ocean waves
- Passes thru axial turbines
- Generate energy
5
Q
Solar Energy
A
- Solar Radiation
- Collected by photovoltaic cells in sola panels
- Generate electricity
6
Q
Nuclear Energy
A
- Exothermic nuclear reactions
- performed in nuclear reactors
- Turn water into steam
- Generate electricity
7
Q
Geothermal
A
- Underground heat Obtained in hotspots - Generates water vapor - Passed thru a steam turbine - Generate electricity
8
Q
Hydroelectric
A
- Kinetic energy of falling water
- Converted into electricity
- By hydraulic turbines in large dams
9
Q
Biomass
A
- Biological material derived from living things
- Via combustion
- Produce heat in a furnace
- Converting it into various forms of biocells
10
Q
Hydrocarbons
A
- Organic compounds of Hydrogen & Carbons
- Can be saturated
- Can be unsaturated
11
Q
Alkanes
A
- Saturated hydrocarbons
- Single bonds
12
Q
Alkenes
A
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons
- Double bonds
13
Q
Alkynes
A
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons
- Triple bonds
14
Q
Open Chain
A
- Hydrocarbons where the end carbons are separated
15
Q
Cyclic
A
- Hydrocarbons where the carbon atoms form a ring or closed chain
16
Q
Aromatic
A
- Hydrocarbons that contain benzene ring
- Ring of 6 carbon alternating double and single bonds.
17
Q
Alcohol
A
C-OH
18
Q
Carboxylic Acid
A
-COOH
19
Q
Amine
A
-NH-
20
Q
Ketone
A
-C=O
21
Q
Aldehyde
A
CH=O
22
Q
Halocarbon
A
-X
23
Q
Ether
A
C-O-C
24
Q
Ester
A
C-O-C
II
O
25
Amide
C=NH2
II
O
26
Polyethene PE
- Plastic bags, Bottles, Film wrap
| - RECYCLABLE
27
Polypropylene PP
- Bottle caps, Furniture, Carpets
| - RECYCLABLE
28
Polystyrene PS
- Disposable cups, Coolers, Package beans
| - NON RECYCLABLE
29
Polyurethane PU
- Foams for insulators, Jogging shoes, Seats
| - NON RECYCLABLE
30
Polycarbonate PC
- Electronic devices, CD´s, goggles
| - NON RECYCLABLE
31
Polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE
- Pan coating, Plumbers tape, Packaging tape
| - NON RECYCLABLE
32
Poly vinyl chloride PVC
- ID cards, Floor tiles, Water pipes
| - NON RECYCLABLE
33
Polyamide (nylon)
- Fishing nets, Ropes, Fabrics for clothes
| - NON RECYCLABLE
34
Polyethylene Terephthalate PET
- Plastic bottles, Packaging materials, synthetic fabrics
| - RECYCLABLE
35
Melamine/fornica
- Kitchen countertops, Furniture, Jewerly
| - NON RECYCLABLE
36
Monosaccharide
- Monomer of carbohydrates
| - Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
37
Disaccharide
- Two monosaccharides together
| - Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose
38
Glycosidic linkage
- Name of bond between the disaccharide
39
Polysaccharide
- Many monosaccharide together
| - Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
40
Function of carbohydrates
- Provide energy
- Store energy
- Supply carbon for cell components
- Structural elements of some tissues
41
Fatty acids
the building block for all the saponifiable lipids
42
Ester bonds
joins the parts of the fatty acids
43
ESTUDIAR
| TRIGLYCERIDE, WAX, PHOSPHOGLYCERIDE, STEROID
ver foto
44
Functions of lipids
- Long term storage of energy
- Protective wax coatings
- Insulation against low temperature
- Structural components of cellular membrane
45
Amino acids
- Monomer that form proteins
46
Peptide linkage
- Bond between two of amino acids
47
VER ESTRUCTURA DE AMINO GROUP, ALPHA, ETC
libreta
48
Function of proteins
- Catalytic (enzymes)
- Structural storage
- Protective against viruses (antibodies)
- Regulatory (hormones)
- Nerve impulse transmission
- Movement of muscles
- Transport molecules (oxygen, glucose)
49
checar lo de las structures
en la libreta
50
Characteristics of bioplastics
- Are synthetic polymers (man made)
| - Biodegradable and made of natural renewable materials
51
Biodegradability
- Capacity of a material to disintegrate in presence of (bacteria, fungi, algae)
- Transforming it in 3 eco friendly products
- Biomass, CO2 & H2O
52
Advantages of bioplastics vs conventional plastics
Use renewable raw materials
- Easily biodegradable
- Produce only non-toxic residues
- Reduce pollution
- Save energy in the production process
53
Starch bioplastic
- Polysaccharide produced by plants as an energy storage, contained in potatoes, grains
- Packaging peanuts, ironing clothes, containers, bags
54
Cellulose bioplastic
- Polysaccharide, main support for trees and other plants.
- Found in wood, cotton.
- Toys, sports equipment, decoration, furniture, car interiors, constructions
55
Polylatic acid (PLA)
- Polyester of lactic acid, produced via fermentation of glucose (sugar cane, potato)
- Packaging (yogurt, food containers), textures (t-shirts, furnitures)
56
Bio-PE
- Bio-polyethylene obtained from sugar cane, based on the dehydration of ethanol
- Packaging, grocery bags, trash bags, food wrap
57
Bio-PET
- Bio-polyethylene terephthalate obtained from biomass
| - Light, thin bottles from water or soda.
58
Biomimetics
- Imitation models, systems and elements of nature to solve complex problems of the society.
59
Biology to design
- Requires gathering relevant biological knowledge and the identify the problem and apply it
- Box fish shape inspired on bionic car
60
Design to biology
- First needs designers/engineers to identify problems to find organisms that have solved similar issues.
- Lotusan paint imitates lotus flower (self cleaning)
61
Organism
- Speedo swimsuits imitates shark´s skin scales shape
62
Behavior
- Solar panels that move face the sun imitates sunflowers
63
Ecosystems
- Landscape architecture imitates the forest
64
Carbon fibers
- Long thin strand of material about 5-10 wm(micrometers) in diameter and composed of disorderly arrangement of carbon atoms in ribbons of hexagonal patterns
65
Properties of carbon fibers
- High tensile strength
- High stiffness
- Light weight
- High corrosion resistance
- Low thermal expansion
- High temperature tolerance
- Good conductor of electricity
66
Composite materials
Combination of carbon fibers with other materials reinforce these.
- C.F with plastic polymers, with concrete, etc
67
applications of products of carbon fibers
- Aerospace, aircraft equipment
- Automobile parts
- Energy production
- Sports equipment
- Construction
- Medical applications
- Electronic devices
- Musical instruments
68
Nanotechnology
- Manipulation of matter at an atomic and molecular level (nanometric scale) to improve the properties and production processes of materials and products.
69
milimetric scale
- Termites
- Fingernail width
- Grain of salt
70
Micrometric scale
- Pollen grain
- Carbon fibers
- Red blood cells
- Bacteria
71
Nanometric scale
- DNA helix
- Carbon allotropes
- Glucose molecule
72
Diamond
- Form of pure carbon with each atom bonded to 4 each other atoms
- Organized rigidly in a crystal lattice structure
- Incredibly hard and great conductor of heat
- CHECAR STRUCTURE
73
Graphite
- Form of pure carbon with a structure in parallel layers of carbons bonded in hexagonal grids, layers weakly bonded to each other
- Soft material, good lubricants and pencil mines
- CHECAR STRUCTURE
74
Graphene
- Flat, one atom thick layer of carbon atoms bonded in hexagonal patterns
- Excellent electrical conductor, colorless, flexible, resistant and lightweight material
- CHECAR STRUCTURE
75
Fullerene
- Hollow ellipsoid or sphere
- Made of carbon atoms in hexagonal pattern.
Can be used as drugs delivery vessels and microscope tips.
- CHECAR STRUCTURE
76
Carbon nanotubes
- Hollow cylinders, 1-2 mm diameter, consisting of carbon atoms in hexagonal patterns.
- Single or multi walled
- Light, very strong, excellent electrical conductors
- CHECAR STRUCTURE
77
Application of nanotechnology
- Environmental care
- Energy production and storage
- Health care
- Food preservation
- Textile cleaning
- Construction materials
- Electronic cosmetics
78
Cleaning agents
- Acidic: strong inorganic acids
- Alkaline: strong bases such as sodium or potassium hydroxide and bleach, ammonia, soap
- Neutral: alcohols such as isopropyl alcohol, ethylic alcohols and ethers used as solvents
79
How soap is made?
- By saponification reaction, in which triglycerides reacts with a strong base to produce glycerol and salts of fatty acids, known as soap
80
How soap cleans oily stains and other organic substances
- Soap molecules can form micelles which encircle and trap the oily particles by using their hydrophobic tails that are attracted to oil
- The hydrophilic tails are soluble in water and then rinsed away
81
Effects of synthetic cleaning agents in the envinronment
- After aquatic animals development
- Bioaccumulation
- Eutrophication of lakes and rivers
- Respiratory issues
- Skin burns
- Eye, nose and throat irritation
- Headache, dizziness, nausea and organs damage
82
Natural ingredients of green cleaning
- Baking soda: replaces alkaline cleaners, regulate pH
- Vinegar: replaces acid cleaner, kills germs
- Lemon juice: degreaser
- Citrus seed & vegetable oils: natural solvents
- Beeswax: lubricant, conditioner, polish
83
4 r´s
- Reduce: actions in lower consumption
- Reuse: using products repeatedly
- Recycle: transforming waste in materials that can be reprocessed into something
- Recover: recuperate energy from waste
84
Municipal solid waste
- Better known as TRASH
- Everyday object used and thrown away by homes and buildings
- As furnitures, food wraps, etc.
85
Special/Industrial Waste
- Waste produced by industrial process
- That are NOT HAZARD
- As machinery oil, car and parts, fuel, molten plastic, chemicals, etc
86
Composting
- Organic matter are dedcomposed by microorganisms and form a material rich in nutrients for agriculture or gardening
87
Incineration
- Burn combustile waste can highly reduce waste volume, in addition to the heat obtained which can be recovered and used as an energy source
- Requiers filters to prevent contaminating from gases escaping into the atmosphere
88
Landfill
- Is a special dug hole designed to concentrate and contain debris without causing problems to health or environment
- The volume of waste is reduced and covered with soil to prevent pests and leaks.
89
Confinement
- Hazardous waste must be isolated and confined in appropriate facilities for a sufficient period until it no longer poses a threat
90
Renewable resources
- Replenished rapidly by nature once used
| - Trees, wild animals, fresh water
91
Nonrenewable resources
- Exists in a fixed amount and took long to replenish
| - Minerals, Fossil fuels
92
Perpetual resources
- Will never be completed depleted or used up
| - Wind, solar energy
93
Ecological services nature
- Natural processes support life and Earth´s systems, the utilization of natural resources to obtain biologic and ecologic benefit
94
Economic services nature
- Substances, organisms and processes of nature that support human economy
95
Ecological services water
- Hydrate the living things, sustain aquatic ecosystems, control global climate
96
Economic services water
- Generate hydropower, grow crops in farms, recreational aquatic parks and swimming pools
97
Ecological services forest
- Absorb CO2, generate oxygen, provide home and food for wildlife and reduce temperature
98
Economic services forest
- Wood, rubber, paper, medicines, camping resorts and recreation
99
Monoculture agriculture
- The practice of producing or growing a single crop species every season
- This type of agriculture increases yields in planting and harvest, but leads to quicker build up of pests, diseases and depletes soils nutrients, needing extensive fertilization.
100
Over drafting
- Process of extracting groundwater beyond the safe equilibrium yield of the acquifier, this practice can effectively dry up certain sub surfaces water supplies or reduce drastically their capacity
101
Agriculture
- Global warming
- Soil and water pollution
- Soil degradation
- Acquifiers depletion
- Waste generation
- Deforestation
102
Forestry
- Deforestation
- Degradation of vegetation
- Nutrients imbalance
- Flooding
- Soil erosion
- Animal displacement
- Loss of habitats and biodiversity
- Climate change
103
Industralization
- Generates pollution in all kinds
- Global warmings
- Leads to overcomnsumption of energy and raw materials
- Fragments habitats
- Forced migration
- Extensive land use
104
Urbanization
- Pollution
- Waste generation
- Loss of productive farmland
- Increases energy demand
- Alters climate
- Modifies hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles
- Fragments habitats
- Reduce biodiversity
105
Migration
- Humans have spread to almost all areas and climates on planet
106
Agriculture
- Has helped to produce more food and resources
107
Better sanitation and health practices
- Increases birth rate and decreases mortality rate
108
How demographic growth affects
- Increase demand of natural resources which are often overexploited because the needs of resources exceeds the biocapacity to provide them
- Causes pollution, habitats roots, habitat loss, ecosystem alteration and contributes to climate changes
109
SuStainability
- To live and develop the way that satisfies the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
110
Ecological
- Actions should have lowest possible adverse effect on the environment
111
Social
- Actions should respect fair trade, human rights and meet the needs of the people involved
112
Economic
- Actions should produce a profit, economic growth, save costs and compete effectively in the global marketplace
113
Ecological footprint
- Measure of the human impact on Earth´s ecosystems, calculated as how much land and water are used to supply resources and absorb wastes of a person
