Final(Clover) Flashcards by Jibran Qureshi

Which of the following is characteristic of proficient kicking?
a. The kicking leg winds up and the knee extends (straight leg).
b. On the forward kick, the thigh rotates forward and then the knee straightens.
c. Arms move in opposition to the legs.
d. b and c

-On the forward kick, the thigh rotates forward and then the knee straightens.
-Arms move in opposition to the legs.

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Very young children’s throws tend to consist of primarily what type of action?
a. foot action
b. trunk action
c. arm action

Arm action

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Which of the following is characteristic of proficient overarm throwing?
a. differentiated trunk rotation
b. lag of the upper arm behind rotation of the upper trunk
c. a short step of the foot opposite the throwing arm
d. a and b
e. a, b, and c

-lag of the upper arm behind rotation of the upper trunk
-a short step of the foot opposite the throwing arm

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Which of the following is the most advanced developmental step in the backswing component of the overarm throw?
a. an upward backswing
b. a circular, downward backswing
c. flexion of the arm at the shoulder and elbow

a circular, downward backswing

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Sex differences among children and adolescents have been documented in which body components for overarm throwing?
a. trunk action
b. foot action
c. arm action
d. b and c
e. a and c

Trunk action
Arm action

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Sex differences among older adults in overarm throwing have been associated with which of the following?
a. sex alone
Which of the following is characteristic of
b. childhood and young adult experiences alone
proficient punting?
c. both sex and childhood and young adult experiences

Both sex and childhood and young adult experiences

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Action in which of the following body components is characteristic of early kicking?
a. trunk action
b. leg action
c. arm action
d. a and b
e. band c

Leg action

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Which of the following is a characteristic of early punting attempts?
a. holding the knee bent as the ball is kicked
b. tossing the ball up rather than just dropping it
c. kicking with the toes
d. a and b
e, a, b, and c

a. holding the knee bent as the ball is kicked
b. tossing the ball up rather than just dropping it
c. kicking with the toes

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Which of the following is characteristic proficient punting?

a. using the arms in opposition to the legs after the ball is dropped
b. a short step onto the supporting leg immediately before the punting leg swings forward
c. keeping a slight bend in the knee at ball contact
d. a and b
e. a, b, and c

Using the arms in opposition to the legs after the ball is dropped

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Which of the following is a characteristic of proficient sidearm striking?
a. a step into the hit toward the oncoming ball
b. differentiated trunk rotation
c. arm extension before contact
d. a and b
e. a, b, and c

a. a step into the hit toward the oncoming ball
b. differentiated trunk rotation
c. arm extension before contact

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TF: In changing from a throw for distance to a throw for accuracy, the most likely change observed would be a transition to lower steps in the developmental sequences.

True

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TF: One problem with using the throw for distance as a gauge of throwing development is that the score reflects body size and strength as well as skill.

True

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TF: Research on the tennis serve in older adults demonstrates little change in the coordination of the serve during the older adult years.

True

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TF: Research on the golf swing demonstrates that most older adults are less accurate than young adult golfers.

False

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TF: In overarm striking, the upper arm (humerus) lags behind the trunk, but the racket precedes the forearm at ball contact.

False

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TF: Assuming the sequential movements are well timed, lag in the upper arm and forearm allows momentum to be transferred from proximal body parts to successively more distal body parts, increasing the speed of movement in the more distal body parts.

True

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TF: A long contralateral step facilitates trunk rotation.

True

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TF Throwing: Recent research has shown that children can be at the most advanced levels of upper arm and forearm action before they routinely use trunk rotation.

False

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TF Throwing & Striking: One of the differences between development of throwing and development of overarm striking is the elbow action.

True

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TF Striking: Racket lag and trunk rotation less than 90 degrees are characteristic of proficient overarm striking.

False

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TF Throwing: Longitudinal study of throws in older adults over a period of 7 years shows that the developmental level demonstrated is relatively stable.

True

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TF Throwing: An individual’s given developmental level in the sequences for overarm throwing is so stable that we can compare performance with various task constraints, such as distance and type of ball.

False

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Throwing: A valid and reliable way to gauge the development of throwing is to record the accuracy with which children and adolescents hit a target of a specified size from a short distance.

False

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Throwing and Striking: In very young children, early attempts at overarm throwing, sidearm striking, and overarm striking all tend to look the same.

True

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Kicking: In proficient kicking, the swing (kicking) leg moves through a shortened, compact range of motion at the hip.

False

Striking: The developmental transition for trunk action in sidearm striking is (1) block rotation followed by (2) differentiated rotation.

True

Punting: The developmental transition for arm action in the punt is (1) no use of the arms, (2) arm movement in opposition to the legs, (3) bilateral arm movement.

False

Punting: In punting, the developmental transition for the nonpunting leg is (1) a short step, (2) a long step, (3) a leap.

True

Throwing & Striking: A very young child's early attempts at sidearm striking often resembles early attempts at throwing overhand.

True

Throwing: In general, research has found that older adults perform at the lower levels in the developmental sequences when executing overarm throws.

False

Throwing: In a proficient overarm throw, at the time the shoulder rotates to the front-facing position, the upper arm (humerus) should be swinging forward _______ the shoulders

Behind

Striking: Young children often use a __________ grip to hold the implement used in a striking task, thus ending to undercut the ball.

Power

Throwing: In the development of throwing, trunk rotation in which the lower trunk and upper trunk rotate together, as a unit, is called _____ rotation.

Block

Striking and Constraints: What individual structural constraints that change with aging could affect striking in older adults? How would these differ between older adults who remain active and those who become sedentary?

A loss of flexibility might limit range of motion; a loss of strength might limit speed or distance; a loss of balance might hamper the timing of sequential movements and the ability to apply force.

Kicking & Punting: There is a validated developmental sequence for punting but not for kicking. These skills are mechanically similar, however. Based on the developmental sequence for punting, hypothesize a developmental sequence for arm action in kicking.

no arm action to bilateral arm action to arm movement in opposition to the legs

Object Control skills: Both kicking and striking involve perceptual judgments not required for throwing. How can parents or teachers modify the task constraints for kicking and striking to allow young children to practice the movement without the frustration of being intercepted?

They can make the ball stationary

Prehension: Which type of constraint (s) will influence the development of prehension and grasping of infants?

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Prehension And Reaching: A longitudinal study by Thelen and colleagues (1993) reveals that infants transitioned from prereaching to reaching at _____ months of age.

3 4 months

Reaching: Thelen and colleagues (1993) believed infant reaching develops due to…

Practice and experience

Prehension: Infants begin to purposefully use objects as tools by ___ of age.

24 months

Prehension: Manual performance has been studied in which of the following age groups?

a) infants b) middle-aged adults c) elderly adults

Catching: A skilled two-handed catcher would be expected to demonstrate which component of the developmental sequence related to hand action?

Palms adjusted

Catching: Which of the following concepts is associated with the perception-action perspective of catching?

a) affordance b) optic array c) phase shift

Catching: From an information processing perspective, individuals must ___ to become proficient catchers.

Make more precise calculations

Aging: Older adults are somewhat ___ accurate and ____ variable in their performance than younger performers, and the differences are greater when the moving object moves faster and when the older adults are sedentary rather than active.

Less; more

Catching: Which of the following affects the ability to intercept a moving object? a) speed b) ball size c) trajectory a) environmental and task constraints e) All of these

All of these

Sensation: ___ is the neural activity triggered by a stimulus that activates a sensory receptor and results in sensory nerve impulses traveling the sensory nerve pathways to the brain.

Sensation

Perception: ___ is a multistage process that takes place in the brain and includes selecting, processing, organizing, and integrating information received from the senses.

Perception

Vision: Infants' vision is about at ___ adults, and by around ___reaches adult levels

5% 10

Perception: Which concept is related to the perception of space?

a. depth processing b. retinal disparity c, motion parallax

Perception: Which of the following is the type of perception that allows us to find embedded objects?

Figure & ground

Perception: ___ is the perception of actual object size despite the size of its image as projected on the retina.

Size constancy

The kinesthetic, or proprioceptive, system gives body sense and is vital to ability to position oneself and move in the environment. Which of the following is a type of kinesthetic receptor?

a. muscle spindles b. joint receptors c. vestibular semicircular canals

Growth and Maturation: Which of the following body parts do individuals develop preference for?

a. hands b. eyes c. ears d. feet

Auditory system: ___ threshold is the closest that two sounds can be yet still allow the hearer to distinguish them at least 75% of the time

Differential

Perception: ___ perception is the coordination between seen and felt properties of objects and is one type of intermodal perception. VPKR

Visual presentation-kinesthetic recognition

Perception-action: Which of the following was among the popular theories in the mid-20th century regarding the perception-action perspective?

a. neurological organization b. physiological optics c. perceptual-motor

Brain and Development: Scanning techniques that allow imaging of the brain have examined the interrelatedness of the motor and cognitive domains. Which of these is a finding from this research?

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Brain and Development: BDNF is a group of brain proteins, BDNF stands for which of the following?

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Brain and Development: In a classic study examining the difference between active and passive locomotion, Held and Hein (1963) used which type of animals as research subjects?

Kittens

Brain and Locomotor Skills: Locomotor experience facilitates which of the following?

b. perception of surface texture and slope c. depth perception

Perception-action: the actions or behaviors for or permitted to an actor by the places, objects, and events in and of an environment.

Affordances

Postural Control: People demonstrate adult like postural responses by the time they are ___years old.

7 to 10

Balance: Which of the following changes in older adults may lead to a decrease in balance?

a. vision b. kinesthetic receptors c. vestibular receptors

Balance: Center of ___ is a common measure of balance

Pressure

Balance: ___ is (are) the leading cause of accidental death for people over 75 years old,

Falls

Gender and Sports and Sport Participation: Title IX, which required equal opportunity for girls and women in sport, was passed in ___

1972

Constraints: Which of the following is an example of a social or cultural environmental constraint?

Race & religion

Sociocultural Concepts The ___ process is that by which one learns a social role within groups with certain values, morals, and rules.

Socialization

Gender & sports: …occurs when a parent or significant other encourages activities that are deemed gender appropriate.

Gender typing

Sport participation: The best predictor of adult sport involvement is participation during childhood and adolescence. In fact, about___ of eventual sport participants become involved in sports by age 8.

75%

Findings from research suggest that the roles of race, ethnicity, social background, and other factors in family socialization are ___and ___ to characterize on a group basis.

Complex , difficult

Sociocultural Concepts: Aversive socialization includes which of the following?

b. when teachers or coaches embarrass children in front of peers c. when teachers or coaches overemphasize performance criteria at the expense of learning

Sport participation: Which of the following is part of a four-part philosophy designed to enhance the enjoyment and benefits of children's participation in sport?

Winning isn't everything, nor is it the only thing. Failure is not the same thing as losing. Success is not synonymous with winning.

Sociocultural concepts: ___ characteristics are culturally based and relate to cultural similarities that connect groups.

Ethnic

Constraints: A cultural phenomenon in the United States that may act as a constraint for girls' motor behavior is…

enforcement of Title IX by schools

Physical Activity: Project ___ is an annual event in which millions of children exercise at the same time

ACES

Self ___ is one’s personal judgement of their own capability with words and actions

Esteem

Self-perception: Harter and Pike developed a scale that uses ____ to measure self-perception of children under 8

Pictures

Children begin to compare themselves to others at the age of ___ years old

Teachers and coaches should provide ___ feedback to help with children’s self esteem

Specific

What describes internal attributions

Believing that individuals influence outcomes due to their behavior

Attributions: Research suggests that children ___ attribute outcomes to both effort and luck (i.e., less years old stable) more than older children.

7 to 9

Sport participation: Which of the following reason was cited as a reason for why children and teens continue to participate in sport?

b. a desire to have fun c. a desire to be part of a team

Instructional approach: A ___ is a type of instructional approach that is student centered

Mastery motivational climate

Physical activity: The amount and intensity of physical activity tend to ____ as adults grow older, especially among ___

Decrease, females

Which of the following factors is most strongly related to absolute maximal oxygen uptake?

Body size

Which index of maximal oxygen uptake increases linearly from age 4 years into adolescence?

Absolute

Which of the following is a valid factor in considering how much exercise children need?

A high percentage of children are at risk for coronary heart disease

Which of the following is related to declines in maximal oxygen uptake in older adults?

a. cardiovascular changes b. respiratory system changes

Why do children have smaller energy reserves and lower absolute anaerobic power output than adults do?

They have less muscle mass

Once individuals attain their adult body size, the only way they can improve anaerobic performance is through training

True

The major reason for a loss of anaerobic performance in older adults is a loss of lung capacity.

False

Research shows that preadolescents can make significant gains in anaerobic performance with training.

False

For any individual, the limiting factor in continuing vigorous activity is the heart's ability to pump enough blood to meet the oxygen needs of working muscles

True

Children compensate for smaller stroke volume with higher heart rates to achieve a cardiac output slightly lower than that of adults.

True

Despite lower hemoglobin concentrations than those of adults, children achieve comparable efficiency in oxygen transport during prolonged exercise because they can extract relatively more oxygen from the blood than adults can.

True

There is a strong relationship between maximal oxygen uptake and lean body mass

True

Older adults reach their peak cardiac output at a lower work intensity than young adults do

True

Declines in hemoglobin and peripheral blood flow result in less oxygen being delivered to the working muscles in older adulthood

False

According to Katch's trigger hypothesis, until the effects of the increased hormone levels that accompany pubescence are realized, aerobic training has a minimal effect at best.

True

When research studies use appropriate methodology, aerobic training in prepubescents results in the same rate of improvement observed in adults

False

Sedentary older adults who begin aerobic training can realize benefits that are relatively similar to that of young adults but not as a high in absolute terms

True

Middle-aged and older adults who maintain an active lifestyle still lose aerobic capacity at the same rate as those who are sedentary

False

Athletes in good physical condition can expect to maintain training levels even with a short-term infectious disease

False

A major factor in reduced maximal oxygen uptake with aging is a decline in the maximum achievable heart rate during exercise

True

Cardiac output is the product of heart rate and…

Stroke volume

The type of metabolism in which chemical changes at the cellular level create energy in the presence of oxygen is…

Aerobic

The maximum oxygen deficit that a person can tolerate when undergoing a short period of intense activity is called anaerobic…

Capacity

The rate at which long-term oxygen demand is met during prolonged activity is called aerobic…

Power

Which type of strength test involves exerting force against an immovable resistance?

Isometric

______ strength is the exertion of force at a constant limb velocity through the range of motion at a joint.

Isokinetic

Which of the following statements is true? (Strength) a. Muscle mass increases steadily as children age. b. Other factors besides muscle mass contribute to strength levels. c. Neural influences such as myelination of nerve fibers and improved muscle coordination are related to strength gains.

All of the above

Women can typically produce ___ to ___ of the force that men can exert, although most of these differences can be attributed to differences in arm and shoulder strength rather than in trunk or leg strength.

60% to 80%

Which of the following aspects) of strength is (are) typically characterized by better maintenance with aging? a. muscles infrequently used in specialized activities b. power production c. rapid-velocity contractions d. dynamic strength e. muscles used in daily activities

Muscles used in daily activities

Which of the following is a potential cause for losing strength with aging? a. dramatic increase in type Ila muscle fibers b. loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord c. general inactivity

b. loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord c. general inactivity

Research has shown that boys and girls as young as ___ years old can increase their strength with a variety of resistance training methods.

Which of the following statements is true regarding older adults? a. Increase in strength is partly due to an increase in muscle mass. the raining intensitvehould be over 85% to increase c. Five or six training sessions per week yield the best results. d. a and b

A & B

The most common test of flexibility is the …

sit-and-reach test

Arthritis and associated joint pain affect approximately 1 out of every ____ child in the United States.

250

What is sarcopenia

Sarcopenia is the age-related progressive loss of muscle mass and strength.

___ proportions of lean body mass show a positive link to working capacity, and ___ proportions of fat tissue show a negative link.

Higher higher

Which of the following techniques is used motor proficiency are fit. a. weight scale b. skinfold calipers c. water displacement walking program of 12 weeks for men between 63 d. b and c e. a, b, and c

B & C

Fat tissue increases rapidly during two periods: ____ and ___

first 6 months after birth; early adolescence

The Parizkova studies Indicate that physical activity has a ___ Influence on boys' body composition during the growing years

Favorable

In general, research demonstrates that children with ___ motor proficiency are ___ fit

Less less

A recent study found that a relatively ___ walking program of 12 weeks for men between 63 and 72 years of age brought about a decrease of fat weight

Short-term

Which of the following Is the range of normal body mass index?

18.5 to 24.9

In the United States, about ___ of children and adolescents are obese, an increase of 54% in children and 39% in adolescents over 20 years.

25%

___ is the amount of energy needed to sustain the body's vital functions in the waking state.

Basal metabolic rate

Which of the following does research suggest is a likely component of an intervention to reduce weight in children? a. increased physical activity b. improved diet c. family involvement d. a and c e. a,b, and c

A, B, and C

Manipulating a constraint at any given time may produce a functional change in movement. In motor development, we are most concerned with changes in movements over time, particularly ones that become more ____ a. permanent b. structural c. temporary d. a and b e. a, b, and c

A and b

On a day-to-day basis, which of the following type of constraints can be manipulated by educators? a. structural b. task c. environmental d. b and c e. a, b, and c

B and C

The distance between the pitching mound and home plate is an example of what type of constraint? a. task b. structural c. environmental d. a and b e. a. b, and c

Task

A movement educator lowers the height of a baskotball net to make It an appropriate height for elementary school-ago students to practice shooting the ball. The type of constraint manipulated what? a. task b. structural c. environmental d. functional

Task

Body scaling is a method that can be used to manipulate which of the following constraints? a. task b. structural c. environmental d. a and c e. a, b, and c

A and c

A ___ is an evaluation of how a particular task/skill is accomplished, focusing on critical components that influence movement

Task analysis

Whichis a theoretical consideration or component of an ecological task analysis? a. Any given movement is influenced by the mover's environment. b. Consideration is given to the individual constraints each person may have. c. Consideration Is given to the ways in which environment and task constraints may act in conjunction with individual constraints. d. a, b, and c

d. a, b, and c

Which of the following is the most important type of constraint? a. task b. structural c. environmental d. functional e. all of these

All of these

Constraints ___ interact with one another to influence movement. a. never b. rarely c. sometimes d. often e. always

E.always

Which type of constraint typically requires a longer time to change?

Structural constraint

Final(Clover) Flashcards

(141 cards)