Final comp Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
Civilization
A
A culture that has attained a high degree of complexity, characterized by urban life.
Four factors:
- Cities and organized government
- Specialization of labor
- Monumental architecture and religious structures
- Writing system and advanced technology
2
Q
City-state
A
Urban region and agricultural land under city control.
3
Q
Sargon I
A
Built the world’s first substantial empire. Kept a standing army.
4
Q
Hammurabi
A
Law code
Class distinction
Provisions regarding business transactions
5
Q
Egyptian history
A
Early dynastic- king Menes united to two kingdoms
Old kingdom period- economy and culture flourished. Led to decline
2nd intermediate period- central authority weakened. Hyksos (invaders from Syria)
New kingdom- Thebans expel the Hyksos and reunite Egypt. Greatest period
6
Q
Mesopotamia
A
“Land between the rivers”
Tigris and Euphrates
Present day Iraq and Syria
7
Q
Hittites
A
Asia Minor. Alleged to be an example of “error” in the Bible – critics claimed the Bible was incorrect since the Hittites supposedly never existed. Archaeologists unearthed remains of their civilization.
achievements included:
a. horse-drawn, light-weight chariots
b. iron weapons. iron was stronger, cheaper, & lasted longer
c. this innovation (iron) helped pave the way for the true “age of empires”
d. the use of formal treaties
8
Q
Revisionism
A
The use, or advocacy, or revision in historical work/analysis.
9
Q
Phoenicians
A
aka “Canaanites”. From Lebanon. Before the Greeks, they were the Mediterranean’s greatest traders, navigators,
shipbuilders, & colonizers. Contribution: alphabetic symbols
10
Q
Aramaeans
A
From Syria. Dominated camel caravan trade & thus their language (Aramaic) became the international language of the Near East.
11
Q
Ur
A
Abram traveled from Ur to Canaan.
12
Q
Assyrians
A
militaristic & cruel people of the upper Tigris. Nineveh – the capital from which the Assyrians ruled by terror. Deported the “ten lost tribes” of Israel. Miraculously withstood by Hezekiah in Judah when they demanded tribute.
13
Q
Babylonians
A
Aka Chaldeans. Joined with the Medes to overthrow the Assyrians. Nebuchadnezzar’s conquest of Judah brought Jeremiah’s prophesied “Babylonian Captivity”
14
Q
Cyrus the Great
A
One of the “greatest conquerors in the history of the ancient Near East” – defeated the Medes. Used warrior horsemen, brilliant cavalry tactics, possibly an army of c. 300K.
15
Q
Epic of Gilgamesh
A
Best known ancient Mesopotamian hero. The Epic is an odyssey of a king (Gilgamesh) who did not want to die – no historical evidence for his depicted exploits.
16
Q
Gilgamesh and Genesis
A
The Epic of Gilgamesh mentions that there was a flood. There may be parts of the Epic in disagreement with Scripture. Moses could have used accurate parts of Gilgamesh as a source (under the inspiration of God).
17
Q
Minoans
A
The island of Crete. Capital at Knossos. Prosperous trade. Conquered by the Mycenaeans, probably after natural catastrophes – still unsure.
18
Q
Trojan War
A
Referenced by Homer. No factual knowledge – it may be “based” on real events. Troy – site of 9 successive cities – destroyed by disaster/invasion. A 10-year war between the Greeks & Trojans. Trojan prince Paris ran off with Helen of Troy (aka of Sparta).
Trojan horse: Wooden horse left outside the city – attackers then sail off. Trojans pull wooden horse inside city gates – go to sleep. At night Greek soldiers crawled out of horse and opened gates for returning army.
19
Q
Helen of Sparta
A
Greek mythology, King of Phthia – the ancestor of all true Greeks (called Hellenes in his honor)
20
Q
Dorians
A
nomadic shepherds and hunters from N.W. Greece who had mastered the use of iron (swords) – established Sparta
21
Q
Greek dark ages
A
began after the destruction caused by a Dorian invasion.
22
Q
Hellenistic age and Greek culture
A
this era is marked by economic expansion, cultural diffusion, intellectual/artistic achievement & cosmopolitanism (Def: not provincial, elements from many parts of the world)
23
Q
Monarchy
A
rule by a monarch, a king or queen, may involve a royal family
24
Q
Aristocracy
A
rule by the “best”
25
Oligarchy
rule by a few
26
Tyranny
rule by one who seized power
27
Anarchy
no rule
28
Ostracism
dangerous politicians (after a vote) could be exiled/banished for ten years
29
Sparta
totalitarian states. one of the finest military “machines. Authoritarian – entire society was harshly & militarily mobilized due to fear of rebellion.
Sparta was isolated and agricultural – trade & travel were prohibited – closed to new items and ideas – by Athenian standards they were culturally backward & economically weak
30
Spartan
a disdain for luxury
31
Peloponnesian War
Athens put its superior navy up against Sparta’s stronger ground forces. Athens lost perhaps c. 1/3 of its pop. to a plague. Sparta won. This was the end of the "golden age"
32
Greek Olympics
the Greek city-states, though occasionally forming loose alliances generally fought among themselves, however, they called for truces during the games. 5 days long – held every four years (men only)
33
Greek philosophy
Epicureans- intellectual. free the body from pain, the mind from fear (particularly the fear of death). avoid bodily excess. eternally they were annihilationists. they retreated from worldly responsibility.
Stoics – universe controlled by “something”. determinism/ providence. goal: conform your will to the “world will”. accept your fate. urged participation in worldly responsibilities.
34
Greek mythology
a “religion” in which the factors of life, (such as) earth, sun, moon, love, marriage, death, war, etc. are represented by a god or goddess
35
Greek religion
The Greeks were polytheistic. Greek religion produced low moral standards. Greek religion was a preoccupation with precise ritual, not prescribed morals.
36
Roman senate
council of nobles (senators) from the Patrician class who held their positions for life
37
Patricians
10% of population, wealthy, controlled the Senate
38
Plebeians
90% of the people – commoners, small farmers, artisans (skilled in a trade)
39
Spartacus
a gladiator in Rome who led a slave revolt
40
Punic wars
Battle over Carthage in North Africa
1st Punic War– a struggle about trade – Sicily is the initial focal point. Carthage was wealthier, had a larger population, and a magnificent navy. Rome, however, adapted techniques and emerged victorious – the conflict lasted c. 23 years
The 2nd Punic War (218-202 BC) About 23 years later. Carthage (seeking to expand its empire in Spain) attacked an ally of Rome. Rome counter-attacked at Zama (N. Africa) – Hannibal was forced to return home. Rome’s Scipio beats Hannibal – Carthage forced to accept a harsh treaty – (“Carthaginian Peace”)
The 3rd Punic War (149-146 BC) About 53 years later
41
Hannibal
Carthaginian General. Led a force of c. 50K infantry, 6K cavalry, & a detachment of elephants through the Alps (in c. 15 days) & into Italy where he was very successful (for 16 yrs.)
42
Cleopatra
last of the Ptolemies, became co-ruler of Egypt (driven out & restored) – had a son (c. 47 BC) with Julius Caesar – met Mark Antony in 41 BC & later gave birth to twins (who Antony acknowledged) – defeated at Actium – she committed suicide in 30 BC – Egypt passed into Roman hands
43
Gaius Marius
Gaius Marius, supported by the Tribal Assembly, was elected consul. His action: restructure the army by eliminating the land requirement of service.
44
Roman military changes
soldier loyalty would lie with commanders who supplied & rewarded them – not the Roman govt.
45
Octavian, Antony, Lepidus
The second (or 2nd) Triumvirate. Lepidus led a revolt in Sicily & was forced into retirement. Antony (now infatuated with Cleopatra) & Octavian became enemies. They settled their dispute in a naval battle near Actium. Antony’s forces largely deserted him. Antony & Cleopatra fled to Egypt where their remaining forces were defeated. Antony (first) & Cleopatra (later) committed suicide. Octavian (aka Augustus) would now rule Rome and transition to the Roman Empire would become complete.
46
"Bread and circuses"
"free food & entertainment". It was sarcastically applied.
47
Augustus
“Revered one”. Religious cults deified the emperor. Restored order after years of strife. His rule called the Principate. He was called Emperor. Functioned as “first citizen”. Really a dictatorship permitting the Senate some power. However, he maintained near-total control of the army. Thus his power was difficult to really challenge. Launched reforms: civil service, police & fire departments, efficient taxation, building programs. Had a permanent standing-army (some stationed on frontier provinces). Future area expansion.
48
Augustus' morality laws
Augustus had legislation against adultery (he was exempt)
49
Tetrarchy
a sharing of power among four rulers
50
Roman political life
Republic-dictator-empire. Rome’s ruling elites showed little concern for the welfare of its subjects
51
Split of the Roman Empire
faced with military problems on the frontiers & insurrection in the provinces, Emperor Diocletian split the empire between himself in the east & Maximian in the west.
52
Destruction of Jerusalem
Roman Emperor Vespasian’s son, Titus, laid waste to Jerusalem. Only a small part of the Temple complex survived, the Western or “Wailing” Wall. The sacrificial system essentially ended & the political Jewish state (Israel) collapsed.
53
Edict of Milan
Issued by Constantine. Gave religious freedom. It granted: “both to the Christians and all others full authority to follow whatever worship each man has desired”
54
Constantine
Remained: Pontifex Maximus, head of the pagan state religious cult – sun god remained on coins
Was clearly a conspirator (plotter) and a murderer – not baptized until his deathbed
55
Milvian Bridge
Constantine advanced across the Alps to evict Maxentius from Italy & capture Rome. Met his militarily superior enemy at the Milvian Bridge (outside Rome)
56
Barbarian military conflicts
Term given to all tribes regarded as uncivilized by the ancient Greeks & Romans – more specifically it applies to Germanic/Slavonic/Asian tribes that invaded the Roman Empire after 50 AD – sometimes they warred against themselves, sometimes Rome – some became united allies of Rome
57
Reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire
- imperial govt. imposed high taxes/labor services on its citizens.
- the state had become the enemy.
- technological innovation stagnated
weakness & disorganization
58
The resurrection
It is the validity of our faith. Integral part of the Gospel – the heart of the Christian faith. Without the resurrection, there is no salvation. Sin was atoned for and salvation is granted through a risen Savior.
59
History of Jesus
Ancient historical proof – we should be aware of the fact that ancient documents are scarce, but this was found:
Quote From: F.F. Bruce - Jesus & Christian Origins Outside the NT – emphasis added
"But let it be added at once that no official record has been preserved of any report which Pontius Pilate, or any other Roman governor of Judea, sent to Rome about anything."
60
Pagan sources documenting the historicity of Jesus
Mara bar Serapion – in a letter to his son, he mentions Christ, along with Socrates & Pythagoras, as a wise man unjustly executed.
Pliny the Younger – a Roman official, wrote Emperor Trajan of his persecution of the followers of Christ – they would not curse Christ
Cornelius Tacitus was a Roman historian and Governor of Asia. In his work Roman Annals, he mentions the fire of Rome and Nero’s attempt to blame it upon those who called themselves Christians.
61
"Christ-myth" school/theory
asserts that Jesus never lived – rather that He was “invented”
62
Early Christians
stood in sharp contrast with their Roman culture (particularly the upper class) Christians refused to go to the arena, theaters, or public baths – they condemned homosexuality; some Romans viewed their separation as hating the human race.
63
Rome's persecution of Christians
They were viewed as disloyal subjects of the Empire – their unwillingness to make public sacrifice to Roman gods branded them as treasonous. Christians were thought to be atheists for they did not worship any visible image. A misunderstanding of Christian practices (i.e. communion, also known as the “love feast”) led to charges of incest, cannibalism, and immorality.
64
Apologetics
Def: apology – an argument. Sought to defend or explain Christianity (distinguishing it from a “deviant” form of Judaism)
65
Council of Nicaea
Held near Byzantium – Constantine & c. 250-300 bishops attend 1. the emperor paid the costs and presided over the first session
2. focus: settle long-standing Christological and Trinitarian controversies
3. represents the end of the “pilgrim church” era (the church operating independently of government
66
Nicaea: essence of Jesus/Jews
1. Arius – Jesus a created being, not of the same essence as God the Father, not coequal or coeternal
2. Athanasius – Jesus the same essence as the Father, yet a distinct personality, equal & coeternal
3. Eusebius (of Caesarea) – sought a middle position – Jesus of similar essence
67
Sacerdotalism
the power of the priest as an essential mediator between God & man
68
Priests
an official intermediary/mediator between people & God
69
Positive elements of monasticism
Monastic schools were the seats of learning. Some care for the afflicted. Copyists preserved manuscripts.
70
Negative elements of monasticism
Limited engagement with the world. False standards of holiness develop. Development of a hierarchical religious structure.
71
The rise of the papacy
Roman bishops filled the leadership vacuum during/after the fall of the Western Empire – barbarian invasions brought an upsurge in the Papacy’s rise/position/authority
72
Claim that Peter was bishop of Rome
the RCC insists that Christ gave to Peter a special rank as the 1st Bishop of Rome & leader of the apostles
73
Claim that Peter was the first pope
Peter was the first pope & all subsequent popes inherited his authority
74
Apostolic succession
essentially refers to bishops tracing a direct line of authority through the Apostles back to Christ
75
Constantinople
Historic city, port, & former capital – situated on the Bosporus – partly in Europe, partly in Asia. Rebuilt by Emperor Justinian. Presently known as Istanbul, Turkey. Strategically located for commercial & political influence. Predominantly Greek in language & culture, but called themselves Romans.
76
Icons
religious images used to foster worship – flat pictures, mosaics
77
Iconoclasts
People who tried to destroy all icons.
78
Justinian
His tactics: defensive in the East; offensive in the West
1. re-conquered North Africa & parts of Italy – made Ravenna the W. capital – success short-lived
3. Justinian’s efforts for the Empire exhausted his treasury & military (high taxes led to civil unrest)
79
Byzantine historical periods
Expansion
Peril
Recovery
Disintegration
80
Byzantine empire's endurance
As opposed to a barter economy, it possessed a money economy and was diversified.
Possessed advanced military science.
The Empire was a centralized administration in which the Emperor was an absolute monarch, a divine right ruler.
The Orthodox Church & the state were closely tied.
81
Greek fire
A fire bomb or flame thrower. The navy's secret weapon.
82
RCC functions during the Middle Ages
Functioned as the “social cement”. Performed many of the record-keeping, judicial, & welfare functions modern governments have assumed.
83
Sacraments
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Put forth by the church as an intermediary between God & man. Were in use & had an exalted position in worship.
Seven sacraments of the RCC:
Baptism
Holy Eucharist
Penance or confession
Confirmation
Matrimony
Holy orders
Extreme unction
```
84
Purgatory
A place or state in which are detained the souls of those who die in grace, in friendship with God, but with the blemish of venial sin or with temporal debt for sin unpaid. Here the soul is purged, cleansed, readied for eternal union with God in Heaven.
Physical pain and separation from God.
85
Relic
a religious object associated with a religious leader, or the body part of such a person which is believed to have supernatural power (bones of saints might be viewed with awe)
86
Charlemagne
"Charles the Great". Son of Pepin.
Empire – established his rule over much of the former Roman Empire in Europe. Strong central government. Traveling inspectors.
87
Feudalism
A decentralized political relationship. Formed by nobles who had land, weapons, horses
88
Vassal
owed loyalty/military service – responsible to ensure law/order on the fief he received
89
Lord
provided protection, justice in the lord’s court, and a grant of land (fief) to the vassal
90
Fief
a grant of land to the vassal
91
Simony
the buying & selling of spiritual or Church benefits – taken from the name of Simon Magus who attempted to buy spiritual powers – it came to mean the purchase of any office or authority within the RCC
92
Scandinavia
Norway, Sweden, Denmark. Home of the Vikings.
93
Norsemen
Another name for the Vikings.
94
Manorialism
an economic relationship between nobles & serfs
95
Serfs
Surrendered their freedom to a lord. Serfs lived on the lord’s manor. Serf life: difficult, dominated by custom. Hereditary condition, tied to the land/not allowed to leave. For serfs the manor was “life”. Worked the land & owed the lord a portion of crops (other obligations). Serfs could hold a portion of land for their use (to grow crops) & had a few legal rights.
96
Manor
Estates owned by the Lord
97
Primogeniture
the right of an eldest son to succeed to the estate of his father at the exclusion of all his siblings – developed in western Europe and introduced in England in the late 11th century
98
Investiture
the claim of kings/rulers to appoint bishops & abbots
99
Holy Roman Empire
political entity in W. Europe centered in the German states & Northern Italy
100
Holy Roman Emperor
claimed to be the temporal sovereign of Christendom, ruling in cooperation with the pope
101
The split in Islam
began with disagreement over Muhammad’s successor
102
Shiah (Shiites)
The smaller of the two major divisions in Islam-c. 10% of Muslims. They identified with Muhammad’s cousin/son-in-law Ali. Saw Ali as possessing a spiritual endowment directly from Muhammad. Shiites believed that their leaders, the Imams, had the final authority on how to interpret the Quran.
103
Sunni (Sunnis)
The majority party in Islam-c. 85% of all Muslims.
They followed first Caliph Abu Bakr (one of Muhammad’s fathers-in-law)
For Sunnis, Muhammad’s spiritual gifts died with him
104
Shariah (Shari'a)
God’s eternal & immutable will for humanity, as expressed in the Quran & Muhammad’s example (Sunnah)
105
Hadith
Report(s) of the words & deeds of Muhammad and other early Muslims. Authoritative source of revelation. Authentic hadith reports is considered to embody the Sunnah.
106
Hegira/Hijra/the "migration"
means the severance of clan ties – the “migration” of Muhammad & his followers becomes the starting year for the Muslim calendar – loyalty shifts from clan to one another
107
Muhammad
Involved in caravan trade. Muhammad has a vision of the Angel Gabriel, during which he hears a voice telling him he is the “Messenger of God” – this marks the beginning of Muhammad’s status as “the Prophet” – he receives further revelations (messages from Allah) at frequent intervals until death.
Most Muslims believe that Muhammad was sinless, not divine – is the greatest example for life.
108
Mecca
Birthplace of Muhammad. Capital of Islam
109
Kabba (ka'ba)
shrine in Mecca that Muslims believe was established by Abraham – it is a square structure built of granite which contains the black stone – the Kabba is the most important shrine of Islam – at the time of Muhammad’s first revelation, it had been desecrated by pagans
110
Muhammad and his conquests
Using less-traveled roads to escape assassination plots, Muhammad travels to Yathrib (name changed to Medina). Muhammad & 10,000 Muslims march on Mecca, which surrenders with little resistance once Muhammad promises a general amnesty. Upon entering the city, he destroys the pagan idols in the Kabba & rededicates the shrine to Islam. Many Meccans subsequently convert to the Islamic faith.
111
The Quran/Koran
means “recite”
the reciting of the revelations to Muhammad
Muslims view it as the final revelation from God (given by the Angel Gabriel to Muhammad) & as the revealed will of God which corrects/supersedes other revelations.
111
Islam's view of Jesus
A faithful Muslim – mentioned in the Quran c. 25 times
| He did not die on the cross – He was protected from crucifixion – a substitute took His place
111
Practices of Islam
The Five Pillars: Allah cannot be known, only obeyed. Some Muslims add Jihad (meaning “struggle”) as a major element – it encompasses two types (or senses) – a greater and a lesser:
Greater – individual battle against sin – all Muslims are engaged in a private spiritual struggle
Lesser – a holy war – sometimes demands defense of Muslim territory & military aggression
Other Muslim beliefs:
- males can marry up to 4 wives (polygamy). Allah gave the prophet permission to have 12 wives
- victory & martyrdom – two most excellent things
112
Islam
means “submission”
a Muslim is one who submits to their god
demonstrated in prayer posture.
Not united-outward conformity, but inward dissension
113
Birth of Islam
geographically located in the Arabian Peninsula
114
Nation of Islam
Indonesia, the Middle East, Pakistan, N. Africa – may be termed: the 10/40 window
115
Islam's view of Abraham, Ishmael
Muslims believe they are the true continuation of the faith of Abraham
116
Pope Innocent III
likely the most powerful pope
the height of papal power
claimed authority to rule the whole world
Convened the Fourth Lateran Council
117
Indulgences
A remission before God of the temporal punishment due to sins whose guilt has already been forgiven. Removes either part or all of the temporal punishment.
118
The inquisition
an ecclesiastical (church) court for the persecution of heresy.
Spanish Inquisition was especially cruel and abusive of its power.
Roman Inquisition began to halt the growth of Protestantism.
119
Franciscan order
order of friars (aka Grey Friars)
ministering to needs, preaching, & teaching in schools
Franciscans did most of the missionary work
120
Dominican order
order of friars (aka Black Friars)
| devoted to preaching and known for their scholarship & intellectual persuasion.
121
Curia
originally a papal court composed of the seven bishops closest to Rome; after expansion (post- 1059) it became the “College of Cardinals” – created to select a pope upon the death of the previous pope – lay influence was to be “eliminated” as the choice came under control of the clergy
122
Magna Carta
“Great Charter” – the king must observe all feudal rights/privileges – the idea (implied) that law is above the king, placing limits on power – king can be forced to obey
123
William the Conqueror
Duke of Normandy. Became King of England.
| Defeated his rival King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings.
124
Merchant guilds
designed to regulate commerce
125
Craft guilds
regulated professions
126
Confucianism
“Rational Humanism”(Def:a rational standard of ethics in human
affairs) – a way of life that people practice together
127
Taoism
aka Daoism
“Intuitive Mysticism” (Def:intuitive–withoutrational thought or inference; mysticism – reality through experience & intuition)
128
Mencius
a Confucian who added important new dimensions to Confucian thought in the areas of: human nature (man is good) & government (should be concerned for the welfare of people)
129
Legalism
may be described as “it works” – embraces a pragmatic (practical as opposed to idealistic) approach – legalists claimed people were basically “bad” – strict laws were necessary to gain order/stability
130
Buddha
```
Siddhartha Gautama (the supreme Buddha) who initially
wanted to reform Hinduism – later, Buddha was worshiped by certain branches of the Buddhist movement
```
131
Hinduism
Traditional religion of India, characterized by a philosophy & a way of life rather than by a dogmatic structure. Founded not by any single individual. Type of henotheistic (many gods, but one main god) trinity – has thousands of other deities Brahma-the Creator, Vishnu-the Preserver, Shiva-the Destroyer
132
Buddhism
Buddhism has NO gods. Based on Four Noble Truths.
Karma – good actions rewarded, evil ones punished, either in this life or through a long series of lives, resulting from Samsara (rebirth of a person) via reincarnation
Nirvana breaks the cycle of rebirth – Nirvana is a state of super-consciousness or peace
133
The plague/black death
Major European point of entry was through the shipping ports of Sicily. The plague was episodic (came in waves). Millions of deaths caused the production of food & goods to plummet.
Two forms:
-Bubonic – large black swellings – infection of the lymph nodes – “Black Death”. Transmitted by rats carrying fleas.
-Pneumonic – ate your lungs away – highly infectious & spread quickly. Transmitted by coughing or sneezing.
134
Great western schism
Under pressure from the locals, the College of Cardinals elected Urban VI (Roman) as pope. Group of cardinals gathered again & elected a new pope – Clement VII (Avignon) thus there were now two individuals elected pope by the same group of cardinals (save one)
Pope Clement took up arms against Pope Urban & attacked Rome; being repulsed, Clement fled to Avignon – one pope in Rome, one in Avignon, each with his own cardinals – lasts c. 40 years
135
Conciliar movement
accepting the notion that a universal council, representing the entire church, had more authority than the pope.
eventually ended the RCC multi-pope dilemma.
136
Pope Clement VIII
Second pope elected by the cardinals in the great western schism.
Pope Clement took up arms against Pope Urban & attacked Rome; being repulsed, Clement fled to Avignon.
137
Pope Urban VI
First pope elected by the cardinals in the great western schism. The pope in Rome.
138
Reconquista
"Re-conquest"
| a “crusade” designed to oust Muslims who had invaded Spain.
139
War of the Roses
a series of outbreaks, murders, & executions
140
Henry Tudor
relative of the Lancasters, won the war – victory in 1485 c. Henry’s eldest son, Arthur (heir), married Catherine of Aragon – in 1502 Arthur died. Arthur’s younger brother, Henry (will become Henry VIII), was now heir to the throne
141
Hundred Years' War
Series of armed conflicts – there were truces & peace treaties.
Immediate cause: sovereignty – the English king claimed the French throne (intermarriage common).
142
Renaissance
French word meaning “rebirth”.
Occurred after the Black Death.
Italian Renaissance as began around 1350
Around the late 1400s (or c. 1500) it expanded – the Renaissance moved across the Alps
143
Aspects of the renaissance
Humanism:
1. a school of thought emphasizing the importance of man, man’s greatness/potential – human body
2. cultural movement that emphasized rediscovery of ancient Greek & Roman ideas/values
Secularism:
less of an emphasis on the religious & supernatural and more of an emphasis on things of the earthly world. did not seek to fully exclude God.
Individualism:
a school of thought emphasizing the importance of the individual – he/she was capable of self-expression. explain the increase in portraits commissioned.
Christian Humanists:
particular interest in the original source-texts of Christian antiquity: biblical manuscripts & documents related to the early church.
144
Northern renaissance
evident in: Germany, France, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, England
145
Disposable income
Italy was the most economically advanced area in Europe, Italian church, business, & govt. leaders possessed the economic means
146
Patronage of the arts
Sponsorship
147
Florence
the cultural center or “heart” of Renaissance life
148
Venice
A significant city-state during the renaissance
149
Printing press
fashioning single letters & words out of metal – these could be combined in trays to form words or sentences – this allowed books to be mass produced quickly/inexpensively – books/printed materials disseminated throughout Europe
149
Johann Gutenberg
a German goldsmith,“invented” movable metal type printing press
150
Leonardo da Vinci
Italian painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, & scientist – da Vinci was/is recognized as a true “Renaissance Man” (multi-talented)
151
Machiavelli
Florence-born politician/author
– wrote both The Prince & Discourses
– politics to The Prince was a means to an end: power
– if a lie or deceit would work, use it – the emphasis is on what is effective over what is ethical
152
Erasmus
Dutch scholar – referred to as the “Prince of Humanists” – used his humanist linguistic skills to produce a new Greek translation of the New Testament c. 1516
153
De Medici family
ruled Florence – the de Medici family made money through banking
154
Michelangelo
Italian sculptor, painter, architect, & poet
| – his scheme (he paints it) for the Sistine Chapel ceiling tells the Old Testament account from Genesis to the Deluge
154
Christopher Columbus
Genoese sailor, possessed tremendous naval skill, a brilliant self-promoter – worked for Portugal & finally convinced Queen Isabella of Castile to support him
155
Motivation of exploration
God-by making contact with the heathen lands
beyond the seas, the conversion of the entire world to Christianity (RCC) would soon be underway
Greed – trading profits & precious metals
Glory- lands, titles, & power. extend their control overseas
156
Voyages of Columbus
Columbus believed that Asia could be reached quickly by sailing west from Europe
Was granted only 3 ships, 90 men, & a handful of supplies – monarch expectations possibly low
August 1492, he departed – October arrived at the Bahamas – then Cuba, finally Hispaniola (DR)
Believed he had landed in Asia – location termed the “Indies” – he called the inhabitants “Indians”
157
Hernan Cortes
– reached the Aztec Empire capital: Tenochtitlan
– helped destroy Aztec civilization
– Cortes conquered the great Aztec Empire in Mexico
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Francisco Pizarro
conquered the Inca Empire in Peru
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"Columbian Exchange"
the exchange of Old & New World plants, animals, & diseases
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Puritans
settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony
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Pilgrims
(aka Separatists) step ashore at what we call Plymouth, Massachusetts
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Massachusetts Bay Colony
English Puritans settled here. 1691 merge w/Plymouth
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Dutch
(aka: Holland or The Netherlands)
1. in 1609, Englishman Henry Hudson (Dutch employ) sailed up the river that now bears his name
2. Hudson was searching for a Northwest Passage – c. 1611 his crew set him adrift to die
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Aspects of European expansion
world civilizations would be influenced, if not dominated, by Western Civilization
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Martin Luther
born 1483 at Eisleben (Ger); completed B.A./M.A. in shortest possible time. When on leave from school, he suffered the “Thunderstorm Crisis” (lightning bolts, etc.)
– fearing for his life, he cried out to Saint Anne (patron saint of miners): “I will become a monk”
– he then gave away his possessions & joined the Augustinians ordained a priest. Martin Luther is the quintessential “insider”
-wrote Ninety-Five Theses
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John Huss
Luther defends Huss/some of Huss’ views
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Causes of the reformation
corruption in the RCC – low clerical standards. a papacy distracted by materialism, immorality, secular concerns. worldliness now permeated the church.
political climate: rise of monarchs/rulers strong enough (politically) to challenge CH power
mysticism – the desire of direct communion with God instead of using the church and/or saints as intermediaries – personal devotion
intellectual climate – education of townspeople began to produce skepticism/self-reliance
providence of God to bring about the right man, at the right hour, in the right context. Martin Luther
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Ninty-nine theses
these were academic points for scholarly debate (an invitation) written in Latin – drafted for Albrecht of Mainz, but at some point posted on the church door in Wittenberg – a university custom (exactly when/if they were posted is the cause of much scholarly debate)
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Diet of Worms
formal assembly. Luther was a subject of Frederick the Wise – papacy moved to silence Luther, Frederick insisted that his professor, a growing attraction at the University of Wittenberg, be heard on German soil & treated fairly – virtually all of Germany supported Luther.
– a break-away German national church, or political union within Germany, threatened the existence of the Hapsburg Empire – Charles had to find a way to deal with Germany without provoking civil war.
Luther refused to recant & possibly uttered: “here I take my stand” – ultimately he is condemned as a heretic & an outlaw
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Anabaptists
“radical reformation” (no support)
Anabaptists were not a single coherent group – no one person tied the movement together – there
was no unifying organization – most Anabaptists (though not all) shared certain distinctive beliefs:
a. Pacifism – they were pacifists
b. insisted upon the separation of church & state
c. held to believer’s baptism
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Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
elected Holy Roman Emperor (ruled c. 1519-1555) – the prince of Saxony, Duke Frederick III “the Wise” an “Elector” (1 of 7) – cast the deciding vote in favor of Charles
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Leipzig/Leipzig debate
Luther debates RCC theologian John Eck. Luther admits that he is a heretic as “defined” by the RCC.
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French wars of religion
Henry ended the French Wars of Religion by signing the Edict of Nantes
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Revolt of the Netherlands
began in 1568 and lasted until 1609 (a cease-fire began under his son Philip III) – Spain eventually lost the Netherlands conflict & with it, its industrial heartland
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Spanish Armada
130 ships of the Armada depart Lisbon for Flanders (parts of modern BE, FR, NL). In the journey around Scotland/IRL – Armada wrecked (bad weather) – c. 60 ships returned to SP
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Huguenots
French Protestants/Calvinists
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John Knox
after the ascension of Mary I, he fled to Europe & in 1556, accepted a call to Geneva – went back to Scotland in 1559 & became leader of the reforming party (took Calvinism to Scotland: Presbyterian) – drew up the Scottish Confession & brought into being a commission which forbade the celebration/attendance of mass & abolished the authority of the pope (in Scotland)
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Synod of Dort
The rejection of Arminian theology was unanimous
| Five theological points were formulated to answer the Remonstrants– known as the Canons of Dort
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Thirty years' war
a series of conflicts, conducted in four phases & fought mainly in Germany over religious, dynastic, and territorial concerns – it pitted German Protestant princes & their allies (France, Sweden, Denmark, England, United Provinces) against German Catholic princes & the HRE
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"Priesthood of all believers"
Christ is the only mediator, and true believers interact directly with Him and constitute the church under the authority of the Word of God
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Ecclesiastical streams of the Reformation
Lutheran – Anglican – Reformed – Anabaptist
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Ulrich Zwingli
led the Reformation in Zurich, Switzerland – in 1549, the Zwinglians merged with the Calvinists through the Consensus of Zurich
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TULIP
Total Depravity – fallen man is totally incapable of choosing or doing that which is acceptable to God
Unconditional Election – God’s election is without condition, a sovereign act
Limited Atonement – Christ’s atoning death was sufficient to save all, but efficient only for the elect
Irresistible Grace – the gift of faith given by God cannot be resisted by the elect – efficacious
Perseverance of the Saints – true saints continue in the faith and are kept by the power of God
These doctrines are known as the five points of Calvinism and are often symbolized by the mnemonic device TULIP using the first letter of each point – they are not a full exposition of Calvin’s theology, surely they reflect his soteriology, however, Calvin addressed many other theological elements
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Mariolatry
The veneration. Reverential respect & awe, admiring deference. It is the outright worship of Mary.
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Components of mariolatry
1. Immaculate Conception – Mary was conceived without sin (free of original sin) – feast day 12/08
2. Perpetual Virgin – Jesus was her only son – no other children
3. Bodily Assumption into Heaven – taken directly to heaven at the end of her life
4. Mediator between humans & Christ (aka mediatrix) – not always commonly acknowledged
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Edict of Nantes
allowed RC to remain the state church, yet provided freedom of worship and legal equality for French Huguenots
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Defenestration of Prague
Prague Protestants stormed the royal palace & threw two ministers & their secretary out of a window. Was followed by a major Protestant uprising.
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Peace of Westphalia
After years of fighting & negotiating, a settlement was reached. Holy Roman Empire was effectively over.
